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Pathology > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

The leading form of cancer that causes death

A

lung and bronchus

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2
Q

Cell terms
- Differentiate
- Atrophy

A
  • growth and development (cells turn into differentiated cells with functions)
  • decrease in cell components (size) / proteins
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3
Q

Cell terms
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia

A
  • disorganization (abnormal cells present)
  • early dysplasia (changing of cell type)
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4
Q

Cell terms
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertrophy

A
  • increase in the number of cells
  • increase in the cell component (size)/ proteins
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5
Q

Benign tumor
Malignant tumor

A
  • not impeding fx and are not spreading or invading, but overgrowths may spread to other tissues and interfere with fx
  • spread and impedes fx
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6
Q

-A primary tumor is where it ______, a secondary tumor is ….
-primary tumor aka
-secondary aka

A

-started,
when primary tumor grows and settles into another part of the body
-exisiting cell
-metastasized cells

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7
Q

Carcinoma In Situ

the cells are typically ___? and can _____?

A

Condition with localized pre malignant cells that have not spread to nearby tissue (precancerous cells in a limited area)

dysplastic (abnormal)
metastasize (spread to other sites of the body)

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8
Q

Grading of tumors
Rule?
Gleason’s pattern?

A

As the numbers go up, differentiation is always getting worse
Start is small well differentiated uniform glands, ends with poorly differentiated anaplastic glands

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9
Q

Adenoma vs Adenocarcinomas

A

Tumors found in glandular cells that are not cancerous
Tumors found in glandular cells that ARE cancerous

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10
Q

For prostate cancer
___% are adenocarcinoma
___% are carcinomas

A

70, 28

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11
Q

Stage 0 cancer

A

carcinoma in situ (premalignant)

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12
Q

TNM Staging

A

tumor , lymph node, metastasis

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13
Q

Stages 1-4 of cancer

A
  1. early stage, cancer localized in primary organ
  2. increase risk of regional spread bc of tumor size or grade
  3. local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions
  4. cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites
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14
Q

Risks of cancer

A

hereditary, age, lifestyle

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15
Q

Risk factors of pancreatic cancer

prevention

A

obesity, smoking

stop smoking, exercise

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16
Q

Cancer metastasis

common places

A

The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

blood, tissue-tissue, lymphatic

17
Q

Ways that cancer cells can be different

A
  1. they are outcasts
  2. DNA mutation, chromosome broken
  3. wont stop growing, then spread and impedes fx
  4. hides from immune system
  5. demands more
18
Q

Breast cancer subtypes
___ % carcinomas
___ % adenocarcinomas

A

10% carcinomas
90% adenocarcinomas

19
Q

Intrinsic subtype of breast cancer

Surrogate intrinsic subtype

A

gene/ gene clusters that are cellularly distinct

genes + histological / functional features

20
Q

Breast cancer distant metastases

A

bone, liver, brain, lung, distant lymph-node

21
Q

True or false
risk factor equals = causation

what is a carcinogen
examples?

A

False

a substance that may increase your risk of developing cancer

chemicals/pollutants
radiation
infections agents (HPV vaccine)
hormones (estrogen)
genetics

22
Q

Risk vs Cause

A

R: something that is associated with a certain outcome (a contributing factor)
C: directly responsible for a certain outcome

23
Q

Metastases CAN metastasize bc…

A

metastases develop well enough that secondary metastases then spread to other areas

24
Q

Carcinoma of unknown primary meaning

A

A rare disease in which malignant cancer cells are found in the body but the place the cancer began is unknown

25
Q

Are ALL cancer cells always the same in a single cell?

A

NO

26
Q

For breast cancer
__% carcinomas
__% adenocarcinomas

A

10
90

27
Q

Clinical complications of metastases

A

Dyspnea, abdominal pain, lymphedema, anorexia, cachexia

28
Q

Almost all cancers are associated with

A

anorexia (not taking in enough calories)

29
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

most common (3)

overall there is ____

imaging technique that is cancer causing (high radiation)

A

group of rare disorders that occur when the immune system has a reaction to a cancerous tumor known as a neoplasm

anemias
hypercalcemia (PTH - estrogen)
hypercoagulability

pain (nerve compression)

CT

30
Q

Medical management of cancer

A

hormonal, gene-therapy, tumor-ectomy

Pathology (13 decks)

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