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Biological Anthropology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The earliest domains of cellular life comprises the…

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

The observation that body shapes that minimize surface relative to volume are better at retaining heat in cold climates is known as…

A

Bergman’s Rule

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3
Q

At a genetic locus there are two possible alleles: T and t. T is dominant and t is recessive. This results in two possible phenotypes (T from Tt and TT, and t from tt). Two heterozygous parents (both Tt) produce offspring. Which statement is true?

A

There is a 25% chance that their offspring that their offspring will have the TT genotype

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4
Q

Mutations with an unknown cause known as…

A

Spontaneous mutations

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5
Q

When two species or populations independently develop similar biological adaptations, this is known as…

A

Convergent evolution

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6
Q

The Modern Synthesis brought together which two ideas?

A

Darwinian natural selection and Mendelian inheritance

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7
Q

How many chromosomes are in a diploid human cell?

A

46

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8
Q

Select the individual below who postulated a theory of biological evolution prior to Charles Darwin?

A

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck

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9
Q

A post productive lifespan is…

A

Rare in nonhuman animals, but typical of humans

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10
Q

Which of the following is not one of the four forces of biological evolution?
Gene flow, natural selection, mutations, transcription

A

Transcription

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11
Q

Enculturation is…

A

The process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations

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12
Q

What is an ethic approach?

A

An understanding of a culture from another outsider’s perspective

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13
Q

Who coined the term «survival of the fittest»?

A

Herbert Spencer

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14
Q

Which of the following is not a subfield of biological anthropology? Anthropometry, Primatology, Forensic Anthropology, Linguistics

A

Linguistics

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15
Q

Who discovered the first fossil human ancestors?

A

Eugene Dubois

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16
Q

What concept unites all four subfields of anthropology?

A

Culture

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17
Q

Functional adaptations include…

A

Developmental adaptations and acclimatization

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18
Q

What is the term for the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes?

A

Crossing over

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19
Q

The process by which cells replicate and divide is known as…

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

What organism did Gregor Mendel use for his studies of inheritance?

A

Pea plants

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21
Q

T/F: Uniformitariansim states that the same geological processes that we observe today also occurred in the past

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: the theory of evolutionary change via punctuated equilibria proposes that species remain unchanged over long periods of time but undergo rapid evolution following certain events, such as mass extinction

A

True

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23
Q

T/F: Macroevolution is generally studied in a lab setting, whereas microevolution is generally studied in the paleontological record

A

False

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24
Q

T/F: Georges Cuvier thought that species evolution occurred through catastrophic events

A

True

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25
Q

T/F: Anthropology is holistic, integrative, and comparative

A

True

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26
Q

T/F: Gregor Mendel’s experiments showed that blending inheritance is indeed how genes are passed from parents to offspring

A

False

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27
Q

T/F: Charles Darwin formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations in southeastern Asia and Australia

A

False

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28
Q

T/F: A farm shift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a genome base

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: Coding DNA is also known as «junk DNA»

A

False

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30
Q

T/F: A polygenic trait is one where a phenotype is affected many selective pressures

A

False

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31
Q

T/F: After a theory is proven true, it becomes a scientific law

A

False

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32
Q

T/F: Mutation and gene flow are the two forces of evolution that introduce genetic variation into a populations

A

True

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33
Q

T/F: Pleiotropy is when a gene affects multiple phenotypes

A

True

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34
Q

T/F: Diffusion is when a cultural trait moves from one culture to another

A

True

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35
Q

T/F: Microsatellites are highly individualistic segments of repeated DNA

A

True

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36
Q

T/F: Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus

A

False

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37
Q

T/F: Fitness is some measure of the propensity to produce future generations of offspring

A

True

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38
Q

T/F: Morphospecies are defined by their ability to produce fertile offspring

A

False

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39
Q

T/F: Genetic drift is a strong force of genetic evolution when population sizes are small

A

True

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40
Q

T/F: A deme consists of members of a population that can produce offspring

A

True

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41
Q

List the Linnaean levels in order from most general to most specific

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species/Specific Epithet

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42
Q

Match the nucleotide with its complementary nucleotide
Adenine
Cytosine

A

Adenine -> Thymine
Cytosine -> Guanine

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43
Q

List the six postnatal stages of human life in order, stating with earliest ending with latest

A

Neonatal Period, Infancy, Childhood, Juvenile Period, Puberty, Adolescence

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44
Q

What epoch is popularly known as the «Ice Age»?

A

Pleisotcene

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45
Q

Which primates often have ischial callosities?

A

Cercopithecoidea

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46
Q

Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have how many premolars in their dental formula?

A

2

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47
Q

What is a sagittal crest?

A

A bony ridge on the skull than anchors the temporalis muscle

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48
Q

The mineral component of bone is known as…

A

Bioapatite

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49
Q

The wet pad at the end of the strepsirrhine nose is known as a …

A

Rhinarium

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50
Q

Which bone acts as a strut for the upper limbs in primates?

A

Clavicle

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51
Q

Which apes have almost no body size sexual dimorphism?

A

Gibbons and siamangs

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52
Q

What term describes how humans place their feet on the ground while standing and walking?

A

Plantigrade

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53
Q

Which monkeys typically birth twins?

A

Tamarins and marmosets

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54
Q

Which bone plays a strong role in human speech?

A

Hyoid

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55
Q

Which primate has been observed hunting galagos with wooden spears?

A

Chimpanzees

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56
Q

Primate groups with one breeding female and multiple breeding males are…

A

Ployandrous

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57
Q

At what level can the bonobo Kanzi understand human language?

A

A human two-year old

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58
Q

Which dating method relies on electron traps in quartz grains?

A

Luminescence dating

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59
Q

The study of how biological materials move from the biosphere to the lithosphere is known as…

A

Taphonomy

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60
Q

Approximately how many years old is the Earth?

A

4.54 billion years old

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61
Q

What is the Fayum Depression for?

A

An abundance of Oligocene primate fossils

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62
Q

What anatomical term means «toward the body»?

A

Proximal

63
Q

For what does the tarsier get its name?

A

It’s elongated foot bones

64
Q

T/F: Long bones are found mainly in the axial skeleton?

A

False

65
Q

T/F: The organic component of bone is made up of collagen

A

True

66
Q

T/F: Ortiz displayed exceptional organic preservation due to the fact that he has been buried by snow and ice in the Alps

A

True

67
Q

T/F: In non-human primates, dominance hierarchies in males are usually established through aggressive encounters, though in females they are typically inherited

A

True

68
Q

Socioecology is the study of connections between social organization, diet, and ecology

A

True

69
Q

T/F: Dermal ridges are found not only on fingers and toes, but also on the underside of prehensile tails in those monkeys that have them

A

True

70
Q

T/F: The scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton and comprises part of the shoulder

A

True

71
Q

T/F: Galagos are haplorhines

A

False

72
Q

T/F: The continents were in their approximate modern positions by the Paleozoic

A

False

73
Q

T/F: like non-human primates, humans have a diastema

A

False

74
Q

T/F: Like bone, tooth enamel will remodel throughout an individual’s lifetime

A

False

75
Q

T/F: The Mesozoic is an epoch within the Pleistocene era

A

False

76
Q

T/F: Dryopithecids were a group of European apes that emerged in the mid Miocene

A

True

77
Q

T/F: Tool use has been documented in apes but never in monkeys

A

False

78
Q

T/F: Relative to most other mammals, female primates birth few young and can have long inter-birth intervals

A

True

79
Q

We can use radiocarbon dating to figure out the ages of Paleocene and Eocene fossils

A

False

80
Q

T/F: The only two continents that have never been natural habitats for non-human primates are North America and Antarctica

A

False

81
Q

T/F: Plesiadapiforms were the earliest hominids, and they date to the early Eocene

A

False

82
Q

T/F: Subfossils still retain much of their biological composition, having not yet become part of the geologic record

A

True

83
Q

T/F: In howler monkeys, females make loud calls primarily to signal the location to their group

A

False

84
Q

Traits of Strepshirhini

A

Toilet claw, dental comb, rhinorium, and prognathic face

85
Q

Traits of Hominoidea

A

Y-5 molar cusp pattern and lack of tail

86
Q

Traits of Platyrrhini

A

Widely spaced nostrils, some have prehensile tails

87
Q

Traits of Catarrhini

A

Closely spaced nostrils, non have prehensile tails

88
Q

Traits of Hylobatidae

A

Brachiation, also no sexual dimorphism, no tails

89
Q

Traits of Proconsulids

A

Ape-like faces and heads, monkey-like limbs, existed during the Miocene

90
Q

Traits of Plesiadapiforms

A

Claws, no post-orbital bar, existing during the Paleocene

91
Q

Traits of Tarsiiforms

A

Toilet claw, no dental comb, a single eye is larger than the brain

92
Q

Traits of Dermoptera

A

Glide through the air, dental comb, and found only in Southeast Asia

93
Q

Traits in Homininae

A

Can develop some understanding of human language, can learn and teach how to use tools

94
Q

What geological scale in Phanerozoic

A

Eon

95
Q

What geological scale is Cenozoic

A

Era

96
Q

What geological scale is Quaternary?

A

Period

97
Q

What geological scale is Holocene?

A

Epoch

98
Q

What geological scale is Meghalayan?

A

Age

99
Q

What is the name of the only site from which Homo naledi is known?

A

Rising Star Cave System

100
Q

What is the Movius Line?

A

A geographic border that defines where the Acheulean Tradition was present or absent

101
Q

With which species is the Acheulean tradition associated?

A

Homo erectus/ ergaster

102
Q

Which feature does not define Homo habilis?

A

Tall stature similar to modern humans

103
Q

What paleoanthropological find is Dikika, Ethiopia known for?

A

Cut marked animal bones that predate Oldowan?

104
Q

What is the earliest known stool tool industry?

A

Oldowan

105
Q

What is the approximate cranial capacity of modern humans?

A

1350 cc

106
Q

What species is a possible direct ancestor of modern Homo sapiens

A

Homo heidelbergensis

107
Q

Species of Australopithecus do not include

A

Neanderthalensis

108
Q

One location that has yielded a rich record of Pliocene hominin fossils is:

A

East African Rift System

109
Q

What feature does not define Homo neanderthalensis

A

T’aller stature and longer limbs than modern humans

110
Q

Which of these is an early modern Homo sapiens fossil from Africa?

A

Herto

111
Q

At 7-6 million years ago, what is the earliest known possible hominin species?

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

112
Q

Approximately how many years old are the potential stone tools from Lomekwi, Kenya

A

3.3 million years old

113
Q

From which continent do we have fossil evidence of the earliest Homo sapiens?

A

Africa

114
Q

What site yielded a Neanderthal burial that contained large amounts of flower pollen?

A

Shanidar cave

115
Q

What species was «Java Man»?

A

Homo erectus

116
Q

In the video Great Human Odyssey, Blombos Cave is noteworthy for containing:

A

Large quantities of ochre, some of which used artistically or for communication by early modern humans

117
Q

The famous fossil skeleton of Lucy belongs to which species

A

Australopithecus afarensis

118
Q

Which feature emerged first in the hominin evolutionary timeline

A

Bipedalism

119
Q

T/F: Zhoukoudin Cave is known for a large collection of Australopithecus fossils

A

False

120
Q

T/F: Several traits distinguish Homo sapiens from earlier species of Homo. Two of them are our chins and vertical foreheads

A

True

121
Q

Unlike later hominins, Ardipithecus ramidus had a grasping big toe

A

True

122
Q

T/F: chimpanzees have a cranial capacity of about 850-1050 cc

A

False

123
Q

T/F: An alternate genus name for the robust species of Australopithecus is Paranthropus

A

True

124
Q

T/F: Denny was a 13 year old girl who had both Neanderthal and Denisovan parents

A

True

125
Q

T/F: Homo floresiensis and H. Luzonensis had experienced evolutionary island gigantism. They had the largest bodies of any member of Homo that paleoanthropologists are currently aware of

A

False

126
Q

T/F: During the transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene, forest ecosystems in Africa fragmented into savannahs and into smaller forests broken up by grasslands

A

True

127
Q

T/F: Homo habilis lived around 150-250 Kya

A

False

128
Q

T/F: Homo erectus/ergaster is the first hominin that was widespread outside of Africa

A

True

129
Q

T/F: Homo heidelbergensis had a larger brain than Homo erectus, though it was still slightly smaller than modern humans and Neanderthals

A

True

130
Q

T/F: on average, Neanderthals had larger brains than modern Homo sapiens

A

True

131
Q

T/F: plant and animal domestication occurred independently multiple times across the world

A

True

132
Q

T/F: Neanderthals made Mousterian tools

A

True

133
Q

T/F: Lumpers define few past species based on the fossil record, whereas splitters define many past species based on the fossil record

A

True

134
Q

T/F: Relative to quadrupedalism, bipedalism reduces exposure to solar radiation

A

True

135
Q

T/F: H. Rudolfensis resembles a larger version of H. Habilis, and the two may in fact be a single species

A

True

136
Q

T/F: Contrary to popular depictions of Neanderthals as hunters, evidence suggests that they ate very little meat

A

False

137
Q

T/F: Genetic evidence suggests that modern humans and Neanderthals interbred

A

True

138
Q

T/F: A. Garbi is the earliest known member of the genus Australopithecus

A

True

139
Q

Where are the Laetoli footprints found?

A

Africa

140
Q

Where is the Feldhofer Cave found?

A

Europe

141
Q

Where is Annick found?

A

North America

142
Q

Where is Lake Mungo found?

A

Australia

143
Q

Where is the Zhoukoudian Cave found?

A

Asia

144
Q

What species is Ardi?

A

Ardipithecus ramidus

145
Q

What species is the Nariokotome Boy?

A

Homo erectus/ergaster

146
Q

What species is OH 62?

A

Homo habilis

147
Q

What species is Anzick?

A

Homo sapiens

148
Q

What species is Shanidar 4 burial?

A

Homo neanderthalensis

149
Q

Who made Oldowan tools?

A

Homo habilis and possibly very late Australopithecus

150
Q

Who made Acheulean tools?

A

Homo erectus/ ergaster

151
Q

Who made Levallois tools?

A

Homo heidelbergensis

152
Q

Who made Mousterian tools?

A

Homo neanderthalensis

153
Q

Who made Lomekwi tools?

A

If they are indeed tools, then they would have been made by Australopithecus

Biological Anthropology (4 decks)

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