Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Conservation Bio > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

negative density dependence

A
  • can help pull a population towards an equilibrium size range
  • is stabilizing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

causes of negative density dependence

A
  • intraspecific competition
  • disease
  • predation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

carrying capacity

A
  • also known as K
  • when population is at K, r is approximately 0
  • it is a range, not a single range
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

positive density dependence

A
  • occurs when vital rates and/or population growth rate increase as density increases
  • destabilizing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

at low numbers, positive density dependence is called…

A

the Allee effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Allee effect

A

arise via small-population breakdowns in mating behaviors or the ability to find mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect

A

many of the famous Allee effects arise via small-population breakdowns in mating behaviors or the ability to find mates, or in the ability to collectively make necessary habitat modification or engage in successful cooperative feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect : mating and caring for young

A
  • mate limitation
  • cooperative breeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect : foraging advantages

A
  • detection and access to food
  • cooperative feeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect : predator-method

A
  • predator detection/confusion/defense
  • others driven by how predation changes with prey numbers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

genetic variation

A

the difference in the genetic makeup (DNA) of individuals or populations among the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why is genetic variation improtant?

A

important for survival and adaptation of a species as it helps in terms of natural selection and evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

effective population size (Ne)

A

the number of individuals that effectively participates in producing the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which is smaller, census size or effective size of a population?

A

effective size of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

small Ne

A

bigger increase in genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is Ne highest?

A

at equal breeding sex ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequencies by chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does genetic drift cause?

A

a loss of genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where is genetic drift most common?

A

in small populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does a population bottle neck lead to?

A

genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when does genetic drift occur?

A

occurs when an event drastically reduces population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how to measure genetic drift?

A
  • depends on Ne
  • essentially the number of individuals in a population who contribute offspring to the next generation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of alleles between populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when does gene flow occur?

A

occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gene flow keeps…

A

keeps neighboring populations similiar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

low gene flow

A

increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

inbreeding

A

loss of heterozygosity and increased expression of recessive homozygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

F IS

A

inbreeding due to preferential mating with relatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

F ST

A
  • inbreeding due to genetic drift in a small population mating randomly
  • a measure of loss of heterozygosity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

loss of heterozygosity =

A

increase in homozygosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

F ST range

A

0-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

F ST range = 0

A

no loss of heterozygosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

F ST range = 1

A

complete loss of heterozygosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

inbreeding depression

A

the loss of heterozygosity and expression of deleterious recessive alleles due to inbreeding disturbs vital rates

35
Q

example of inbreeding depression

A
  • births
  • deaths
36
Q

migration

A

movement of large numbers of one species from one place to another, often round trip

37
Q

dispersal

A

permanent movement away from population of origin to another population

38
Q

immigration

A

dispersal into a target population

39
Q

emigration

A

dispersal out of a target population

40
Q

one-migrant-per-generation (OMPG) rule

A
  • typically maintains genetic diversity
  • balances local adaptation
  • independent of population size
  • migrant has to have the same probability of breeding
41
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal

A
  • mark mark-recapture methods
  • radio telemetry
  • VHF & acoustic telemetry
  • satallite transmitters
  • genetic assignment test
42
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: mark mark-recapture methods

A
  • great for tightly colonial species
  • great for heavily harvested species
  • need to know where to look for dispersing animals
43
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: radio telemetry

A
  • mark animals with a radio transmitter
  • follow them
44
Q

different types of radio telemetry

A
  • VHF
  • acoustic
  • satellite
45
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: VHF & acoustic telemetry

A
  • easier to find dispersers than CMR
  • limited by range of the transmitter
46
Q

VHF & acoustic telemetry: limited by range

A
  • which is limited by its size
  • aircraft and now drones can help search
  • freshwater & marine applications
47
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: satellite transmitters

A
  • mark animals with transmitters
  • sit at your desk and let a satellite track them
  • good for broad scale movement but not always extremely accurate
  • expensive and relatively heavy
48
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: genetic methods - assignment test

A

designed to directly detect individuals that disperse from their population of birth

49
Q

metapopulations

A

population of populations

50
Q

habitat occurs in ________ patches

A

discrete

51
Q

dispersal occurs ________ patches

A

between

52
Q

are all patches created equal?

A

no

53
Q

source population

A

serve as a net contributor to the metapopulation

54
Q

sink population

A

population that drains the metapopulation

55
Q

ecological/evolutionary traps

A
  • human created sink habitats
  • preferentially chosen over better habitats but far less suitable
56
Q

corridors

A
  • help restore connectivity
  • positive effects on BIDE components
  • bridge for Christmas Island Red Crabs
  • Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park
57
Q

translocation/reintroduction

A
  • help restore connectivity
  • human mediated physical translocation of animals may be required to avoid extinction
  • demographic rescue
  • population augmentation
  • reintroduction
58
Q

five categories of anthropogenic stressors

A
  • conversion of land and sea
  • overexploitation through harvest
  • invasive species
  • pollution
  • climate change
59
Q

three main types of responses to stressors

A
  • move to a more appropriate abiotic environment
  • locally adjust in place
  • head towards extinction as vital rates decrease
60
Q

distribution shifts

A
  • move
  • adjust
  • decrease
61
Q

distribution shifts: move

A

climate change-induced movements: poleward and/or higher in elevation

62
Q

distribution shifts: adjust

A

when faced with a tough challenge a species can deal with it aka adjust

63
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A
  • ability of individuals to change in response to their environment
  • occurs within an individuals lifetime
64
Q

evolution

A
  • changes in genes over generations, facilitated by natural selection
  • can occur fairly quickly
65
Q

connectivity

A

connectivity among populations may be as important as dynamics within component subpopulations

66
Q

Nt+1 = Nt + B + I - D -E

A

connectivity equation

67
Q

why is connectivity important?

A
  • persistence and fluctuation of populations
  • rescue effects
  • synchrony
68
Q

colonization of new sites

A

permits response to changing environmental conditions

69
Q

recolonization

A

increase persistence of suite of populations

70
Q

genetic rescue OMPG rule

A
  • at least one migrant individual. per generation is necessary to prevent significant divergence in allele frequencies among subpopulations
  • minimize the loss of heterozygosity that could lead to inbreeding depression allowing the local adaptation among subpopulations
71
Q

what caused the reduction in genetic diversity?

A
  • predation
  • habitat destruction
  • hunting
  • inbreeding
72
Q

goal of genetic rescue

A
  • introducing genetically diverse individuals into small, isolated populations with low genetic diversity
  • to restore species to full genetic health so they can thrive in the wild without further intervention
73
Q

genetic rescue aims to…

A

increase genetic diversity and minimize inbreeding to enhance the fitness and adaptability of populations

74
Q

how does genetic rescue occur?

A
  • occurs naturally
  • also facilitated to safeguard at-risk populations and enhance their ability to adapt to environmental changes
75
Q

genetic rescue

A

to increase a populations fitness by introducing new genetic variation

76
Q

species characteristics of higher extinction risk

A
  • lower abundance
  • restricted range/endemism
  • higher speciation
  • larger body size
  • longer generation time
  • shorter dispersal rate
  • higher human need
77
Q

3 stochastic factors that small populations are vulnerable to

A
  • demographic
  • environmental
  • genetic
78
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

mean vital rates are probabilistic

79
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

drives random changes in vital rates

80
Q

genetic stochasticity

A
  • arises from genetic drift
  • can lead to inbreeding depression)
81
Q

extinction vortex

A
  • human-caused deterministic stressors & stochastic stressors interact
  • make small populations smaller, eventually leading to their collapse
82
Q

The Minimum Viable Population (MVP) Concept

A
  • 50-500 rule, expressed in terms of the effective population size
  • not the best method
83
Q

MVP concept: short term

A

Ne ≥ 50 to minimize short-term loss of fitness due to inbreeding

84
Q

MVP concept: long term

A

Ne ≥ 500 to ensure long-term maintenance of genetic variation/preservation of evolutionary potential

Animal Conservation Bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions