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bitheolaíocht > B3: infection and response > Flashcards

B3: infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bacterium?

A

A bacterium is a very small living cell

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2
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is an infective agent made up of DNA.

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3
Q

What is a protist?

A

A protist is a single celled eukaryote that causes disease.

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4
Q

What is a fungi?

A

A fungi can be single- or multi-cellular, and have hyphae that can grow, penetrate skin and produce disease-causing spores.

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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.

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6
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Viruses infiltrate cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery, until the cells burst and the clones spread to other cells. The damage to cells what makes us feel ill.

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7
Q

How do bacteria cause disease?

A

Bacteria cause disease by producing toxins that damage cells and tissues.

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8
Q

How do protists cause disease?

A

Protists make us feel ill by damaging our tissues, and are often transferred to us by vectors.

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9
Q

How do fungi cause disease?

A
  • Replication of the fungus (fungal cells can invade tissues and disrupt their function)
  • Immune response (by immune cells or antibodies)
  • Competitive metabolism (using the nutrients meant for the host body)
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10
Q

Give three examples and symptoms of viral diseases.

A
  • Measles: Rash, fever.
  • HIV: Flu-like symptoms, then symptoms can disappear but virus still present.
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Causes a mosaic pattern and discoloration on leaves.
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11
Q

Give one example and symptoms of a fungal disease.

A
  • Rose black spot: Causes purple or black spots on leaves, then leaves can turn yellow and drop off, affecting the plant’s ability to photosynthesise.
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12
Q

Give one example and symptoms of a disease caused by a protist.

A
  • Malaria: causes repeating episodes of fever, sweats and chills, headaches.
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13
Q

Give two examples and symptoms of bacterial diseases.

A
  • Salmonella: causes fever, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
  • Gonorrhoea: pain when urinating, green or yellow discharge from genitalia.
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14
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough.

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15
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact, or exchanging bodily fluids with an infected person.

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16
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

Contact between plants, either naturally or through a vector like the wind or hands of a farmer.

17
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Through the environment, like on wind or by water.

18
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Malaria is spread by mosquitoes, as a vector. Every time the infected mosquito feeds on another animals, it infects it by inserting the protist into the animal’s blood vessels.

19
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Eating food that’s been contaminated with the bacteria.

20
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

Through sexual contact.

21
Q

Give four ways to reduce the spread of disease.

A
  • Being hygienic
  • Destroying vectors
  • Isolating infected individuals
  • Vaccination
22
Q

Give four ways that the human body is adapted to defend against infection.

A
  • Skin acts as a physical barrier, and secretes antimicrobial substances.
  • Hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain pathogens.
  • The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens, and are lined with ciliated cells.
  • The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which kills pathogens.
23
Q

How do ciliated cells help protect against disease?

A

They are hair-like structures that can waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where they can be swallowed.

24
Q

How does the immune system protect from infection?

A

With white blood cells: they travel around the body, and when they come across pathogens,
- Phagocytes can engulf foreign cells and digest them.
- Lymphocytes can produce proteins called antibodies that lock onto the invading cells, so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced are specific to the antigens on the foreign cell. Antibodies are then produced rapidly, and carried around the body to find all similar pathogens. If the same person is again infected with the same pathogen, the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to destroy it, and the person is now naturally immune to that pathogen.
- Lymphocytes can also produce antitoxins that counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria.

25
Q

How does vaccination protect the body from future disease?

A

Vaccines allow a dead or altered form of the disease causing pathogen to be introduced into the body, which contain a specific antigen. This causes the immune system, specifically the white blood cells to produce complementary antibodies which target and attach to the antigen. If live pathogens of the same type appear again, the white blood cells can rapidly produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen.

26
Q

Give two pros of vaccination.

A
  • Vaccination has helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common in the UK, like tetanus and polio.
  • Epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated - that way, even the people who aren’t vaccinated are unlikely to catch the the disease because there are fewer people able to pass it on. (Herd immunity)
27
Q

Give two cons of vaccination.

A
  • They don’t always work
  • Occasional severe allergic reactions can occur.
28
Q

What is a painkiller?

A

A painkiller is a drug that relieves the pain caused by a disease without tackling the cause or killing pathogens.

29
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

An antibiotic is a drug that kills / stops bacteria from reproducing and growing.

30
Q

Why is important that doctors do not over-prescribe antibiotics?

A

Bacteria can mutate. This can cause them to become resistant to antibiotics: when antibiotics are used, some bacteria may be resistant, and only non-resistant strains will be killed. Resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain will increase. To prevent this, doctors can stop over-prescribing antibiotics, and patients can make sure that they complete the entire course of antibiotics so as much bacteria as possible is killed.

31
Q

Which plant did Aspirin come from?
What is aspirin used for?

A

Willow
Painkiller

32
Q

Which plant did Digitalis come from?
What is digitalis used for?

A

Foxglove
To treat heart conditions

33
Q

Define efficacy

A

How well the drug produces the desired effect.

34
Q

Define toxicity

A

How harmful the drug is: does it have side effects?

35
Q

Define dosage

A

How much / what concentration of the drug should be given.

36
Q

What are the three main stages of drug testing?

A

bitheolaíocht (6 decks)

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