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Chemistry AQA A level > Organic Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

How do you turn an alkene to a polyalkane?

A

Heat, high pressure and or a catalyst for addition polymerisation

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2
Q

Name the reaction that turns alkanes into halogenoalkanes

A

Free radical substitution

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3
Q

Alkane to halogenoalkane (1x condition)

A

UV light

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4
Q

Halogenoalkane to alcohol (name)

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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5
Q

Halogenoalkane to alcohol (2x conditions)

A

Warm, aqueous

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6
Q

Halogenoalkane to amine (name)

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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7
Q

Halogenoalkane to amine (1x conditions)

A

Excess ammonia,

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8
Q

Halogenoalkane to nitrile (name)

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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9
Q

Halogenoalkane to nitrile (2x conditions and reagent)

A

Aqueous Ethanolic KCN

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10
Q

Halogenoalkane to alkene (name)

A

Elimination

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11
Q

Halogenoalkane to alkene (2x conditions and reagent)

A

Hot, ethanolic NaOH

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12
Q

Alkene to alkane (name)

A

Reduction (hydrogenation)

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13
Q

Alkene to alkane (2x conditions)

A

H2
Ni catalyst

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14
Q

Alkene to halogenoalkene (name)

A

Electrophilic addition

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15
Q

Alkene to halogenoalkene (reagents)

A

HBr or Br2

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16
Q

Alkene to alcohol (name)

A

Electrophilic addition

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17
Q

Alkene to alcohol direct(condition, reagents and mechanism)

A

Steam,

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18
Q

Alkyl hydrogensulphate to alcohol (name)

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

Alkyl hydrogensulphate to alcohol (1x condition)

A

Cold water

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20
Q

Alkene to alkyl hydrogen sulfate (reagent and conditions)

A

Concentrated sulfuric acid

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21
Q

Alcohol to alkene (name)

A

Elimination (dehydration)

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22
Q

Alcohol to alkene (1x condition)

A

Concentrated sulfuric acid

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23
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde (name)

A

Oxidation

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24
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde (2x conditions and observation)

A

Acidified potassium dichromate
Heat under distillation
Turns orange to green

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25
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid (conditions, observation, reagent)

A

Acidified potassium dichromate
Heat under distillation
Turns orange to green
Oxidation

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26
Q

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid (name)

A

Oxidation

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27
Q

Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid (2x conditions)

A

Acidified potassium dichromate
Heat under reflux

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28
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone (name)

A

Oxidation

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29
Q

Secondary alcohol to ketone (2x conditions)

A

Acidified potassium dichromate
Heat under reflux

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30
Q

Oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

You cannot oxidise tertiary alcohols with acidified potassium dichromate

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31
Q

Aldehyde to 2-hydroxynitrile (name)

A

Nucleophilic addition

32
Q

Aldehyde to 2-hydroxynitrile (2x conditions)

A

KCN
Then
HCl

33
Q

Ketone to 2-hydroxynitrile (name)

A

Nucleophilic addition

34
Q

Ketone to 2-hydroxynitrile (2x conditions)

A

KCN
HCl

35
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol (name)

A

Nucleophilic addition (reduction)

36
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol (reagent and condition)

A

NaBH4
anhydrous

37
Q

Ketone to primary alcohol (name)

A

Nucleophilic addition (reduction)

38
Q

Ketone to primary alcohol (reagent and conditions)

A

NaBH4
anhydrous

39
Q

Carboxylic acid to aldehyde (name)

A

Reduction

40
Q

Carboxylic acid to aldehyde (reagent and consition)

A

NaBH4
anhydrous

41
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester (reagent and conditions)

A

Alcohol being added,
Concentrated H2SO4 (catalyst)

42
Q

Alcohol/carboxylic acid to ester (name)

A

esterification

43
Q

Alcohol to ester (3x conditions)

A

carboxylic acid being added,
Concentrated H2SO4 (catalyst)

44
Q

Acyl chloride/acid anhydride to carboxylic acid (name and reagent)

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
H2O

45
Q

Acyl chloride/acid anhydride to ester (name and reagent)

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Alcohol

46
Q

Acyl chloride/acid anhydride to amide (name and reagent)

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Excess ammonia

47
Q

Acyl chloride/acid anhydride to N-substituted amine (name)

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

48
Q

Aliphatic amine from a halogenoalkane with 1 less carbon (2 steps name and conditions)

A

1) KCN - nucleophilic substitution
2) H2/Ni - reduction

49
Q

Acyl chloride to N-substituted amine (1x reagent)

A

Primary amine

50
Q

halogenoalkane to amine (name, reagent, condition)

A

Nucleophilic substitution,
Excess ammonia,
Halogenoalkane

51
Q

Nitrile to amine (name and reagents)

A

Reduction, H2/Ni

52
Q

Benzene to cyclohexane (name and reagents)

A

Reduction (hydrogenation)
H2
Nickel catalyst

53
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene (name, reagents and conditions)

A

Electrophilic substitution
Concentrated HNO3
Concentrated H2SO4
50 degrees C

54
Q

Formation of the electrophile for benzene to nitrobenzene

A

HNO3 + H2SO4 –> HSO4 - + H2O + NO2 +

55
Q

Benzene to phenylketone (name and reagents)

A

Electrophilic substitution
Acyl chloride/Acid anhydride
AlCl3 (AKA Friedel-Craft’s reagent)

56
Q

Phenylketone to phenylalcohol (name and reagents)

A

Nucleophilic addition (Reduction)
NaBH4

57
Q

Equation for the formation of an electrophile for making a phenylketone

A

AlCl3 + RC=O(Cl) –> [AlCl4]- +RC+=O

58
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine (name and reagents set 1)

A

Reduction
Tin
Conentrated HCl

59
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine (name and reagents alternative set)

A

Reduction
H2
Ni

60
Q

Phenylamine to phenylamide (name)

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

61
Q

Phenylamine to phenylamide (1x condition)

A

Acyl chloride/acid anhydride

62
Q

Free radical substitution Mechanism (halogenoalkanes, using methane as an example)

A
63
Q

Thermal Cracking conditions and products

A

High pressure(7000kPa)
High temperature(400°C to 900°C)
produces mostly alkenes e.g. ethene used for making polymers and ethanol sometimes produces hydrogen

64
Q

Catalytic Cracking conditions and products

A

Slight or moderate pressure
High temperature(450°C)
Zeolite catalyst
Produces branched and cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons

65
Q

Combustion of alkanes (complete)

A

Products are CO2 and H2O

66
Q

Combustion of alkanes (incomplete)

A

Products are CO or C and H2O

67
Q

Ozone depletion overall equation

A

2 O3 –> 3 O2

68
Q

Ozone depletion propagation steps

A

Cl* + O3 → ClO* + O2
ClO* + O3 → 2O2 + Cl*
The * are meant to be dots

69
Q

Alcohol Production - fermentation

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

70
Q

Ester into carboxylate salt (reagent, equation example)

A

NaOH,

71
Q

Making biodiesel from fatty acids/oils (reagents)

A

Add methanol

72
Q

Condensation polymers reagents (3 sets of monomers)

A

dicarboxylic acids and diols
dicarboxylic acids and diamines
amino acids.

73
Q

What happens to amino acids in low pH/acidic solution?

A

NH2 becomes NH3+

74
Q

What happens to amino acids in high pH/basic solution?

A

COOH becomes COO-

75
Q

How do biological molecules join together?

A

Removing water, a H from NH2 and OH from COOH

76
Q

How do biological molecules get broken down?

A

Using an acid catalyst,
Add in H to NH to make NH2 and add in OH to C=O

Chemistry AQA A level (12 decks)

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