Principles of paediatric orthopaedics

Question 1

What is bone or joint pain which is worse at night in children diagnostic of unless proven otherwise

Answer 1

Infection or tumour

Question 2

Where does longitudinal growth occur

Answer 2

At the epiphyseal growth plate

Question 3

What happens to the growth plate when you stop growing

Answer 3

The growth plate fuses

Question 4

When during embryonic development does most of the MSK development occur

Answer 4

4-6 weeks

Question 5

What is spina bifida

Answer 5

Congenital abnormality where part of the spinal cord and it’s meninges are exposed through the back

Question 6

What is proximal femoral focal deficiency

Answer 6

Part of the childs femur is missing

Question 7

What is TAR syndrome

Answer 7

Born without a radius in the forearm - their forearm only has an ulna bone

Also got thrombocytopenia - low platelets but in this condition, born without platelets

Question 8

What was wrong with Thalidomide

Answer 8

It is a teratogenic drug which causes babies to be born with reduced number of limbs

Question 9

What is congenital scoliosis

Answer 9

Abnormalities in the bones which causes scoliosis

Question 10

What is metatarsus adductus

Answer 10

Foot bent inwards

Question 11

What is infantile postural scoliosis

Answer 11

Normally males - scoliosis caused by baby being squashed in the womb but high recovery rate after birth

Question 12

what is plagiocephaly

Answer 12

Plagiocephaly – children has a flat head – babies head is pushed against the pelvis – few months after delivery, the head becomes normal

Question 13

What is congenital torticolis

Answer 13

Baby is twisted and the sternocleidomastoid becomes damaged - baby is therefore born looking to one side

Question 14

What is talipes equino-varus

Answer 14

club foot - foot turned inwards

Question 15

What is in toed gait

Answer 15

When the child walks, the feet are pointing inwards

Question 16

What are bow legs

Answer 16

The ankles are closer together than the knees - varus of the knee

Question 17

What are flat feet

Answer 17

No arch in the foot

Question 18

What are the causes of in toed gait in a newborn

Answer 18

The foot

Question 19

What is the cause of in toed gait in infants - 2-5 years old

Answer 19

Tibial inversion

Question 20

What is the cause of in toed gait in children of school age

Answer 20

Femoral inversion

Question 21

What happens to childrens ability to internally rotate as they become older

Answer 21

It decreases

Question 22

What is knock knee

Answer 22

Their knees are closer together then their ankles

Question 23

What is a flexible flat foot

Answer 23

When you lift the big toe up, the flat foot disappears and an arch is visible

Question 24

What is the treatment for curly toes if they cause issues

Answer 24

Flexor tenotomy - lengthening the tendon of the toe

Question 25

What is the average walking age

Answer 25

1 year old but it is quite variable

Question 26

What is the rules that should be followed on who to refer to paediatric orthopaedics

Answer 26

5S’s :

S- symptoms
S - symmetry (asymmetry is when referral is usually does)
S - stiffness - very rare in children so normally there is an underlying issue
S - syndromes
S - systemic illness