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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 17 & 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 & 21 Flashcards

1
Q

what is in charge of synthesis of insulin in the pancreas

A

the beta cells

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2
Q

control of insulin release

A

increased plasma glucose causes increased insulin secretion which decreases plasma glucose

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3
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a group of metabolic diseases characterized by an inability to produce enough insulin or use it properly

characterized by hyperglycemia

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4
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

does not produce enough insulin

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5
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

cells don’t respond to insulin

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6
Q

signs and symptoms of diabetes

A

polydipsia (excessive thirst)
polyuria (frequent urination)
unexplained weight loss
infections and cuts that are slow to heal
blurry vision
fatigue

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7
Q

effect of prolonged exercise in diabetics

A

those will well medicated and controlled diabetes are able to maintain close to normal blood glucose levels throughout exercise

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8
Q

those with type 1 diabetes who do not inject the adequate amount of insulin before exercise show a

A

increase in plasma glucose

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9
Q

does exercise alone control blood glucose

A

no

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10
Q

what is a major concern in exercise with type 1 diabetics

A

hypoglycemia during exercise is a major concern and may result in insulin shock

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11
Q

how to avoid hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics during exercise

A

a regular exercise schedule lowers the odds of exercise induced hypoglycemia
- intensity, frequency, and duration
-altering diet and insulin
-may require fine tuning
* all must be discussed with physician

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12
Q

exercise and type 1 diabetes: metabolic control

A

type 1 diabetics must have metabolic control over their fasting glucose before engaging in physical activity

  • avoid exercise if fasting glucose > 300 mg/dl
  • ingest CHO if glucose is <100 mg/dl
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13
Q

exercise and type 1 diabetes: blood glucose monitoring

A

monitor blood glucose before and after exercise
- identify needed changes in insulin or food intake
- learn how blood glucose responds to different types of exercise

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14
Q

exercise and type 1 diabetes: insulin injection site

A

should be away from the working muscle to prevent increased rate of uptake in that muscle and hypoglycemia in that area

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15
Q

exercise and type 2 diabetes: primary treatment

A

exercise is the primary treatment as opposed to insulin
- helps treat obesity
- helps control blood glucose and reduce insulin resistance
- helps treat CVD risk factors

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16
Q

what may eliminate the need for diabetic drug treatments

A

combination of diet and exercise

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17
Q

once sedentary individuals (type 2 diabetics) have been trained why would they need to adjust their medication

A

to prevent hypoglycemia during exercise

  • if type 2 and inject same amount of insulin and exercise= double response and bring in way too much glucose = hypoglycemia
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18
Q

asthma

A

a respiratory problem characterized by shortness of breath and a wheezing sound due to vasoconstriction of bronchioles

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19
Q

asthma is due to

A

contraction of smooth muscle of airways
swelling of mucosal cells
hyper secretion of mucus (increased mucus in airways)

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20
Q

how is asthma diagnosed

A

using pulmonary function testing (PFT)

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21
Q

PFT looks for 2 things when diagnosing asthma

A

1) vital capacity
2) Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

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22
Q

vital capacity

A

maximal volume of air expelled after max inhalation

  • keep breathing out till you cant anymore
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23
Q

forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

A

volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration

after VC, breathe out as forcefully as you can and how much air you were able to push out in 1 second is FEV1

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24
Q

triggers of asthma attacks

A

allergens (dust, pollutants)
exercise
stress

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25
Q

once exposed to a trigger, what is the response of an asthma attack

A

plasma cells produce IgE antibodies which attach to mast cells lining bronchial tubes.
Mast cell then releases inflammatory mediators that results in fluid production and vasoconstriction

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26
Q

EIA (exercise induced asthma) is more common in

A

asthmatics but can occur in not asthmatics

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27
Q

EIA is caused by

A

repeated cooling and drying of respiratory tract which triggers the release of chemical mediators and airway narrowing

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28
Q

does EIA impair performance

A

not if medically controlled

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29
Q

how is EIA diagnosed

A

strenuous running at 80-95% HR max
then do a PFT to see if FEV has dropped more than 10 %
if it did drop, that is a strong indication that you’ve had vasoconstriction or narrowing of airways
means you aren’t able to move air out as easily leading to EIA

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30
Q

what sport does not show pulmonary function changes in asthmatics

A

swimming- don’t have decrease in FEV because mostly breathing in humid air so have no drying of airways = no EIA

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31
Q

how to reduce the chance of EIA attack

A

warm up (15 min at 60% of VO2 max)
perform short duration exercise
use a face mask in cold weather to help warm air as it comes in

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32
Q

treatment of EIA

A

beta-2 agonist in case of attack during exercise
other medications to prevent attack to cause relaxation of smooth muscle and vasodilation to open airways

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33
Q

does INHALED beta-2 agonists improve performance

A

no - only treats vasoconstriction

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34
Q

does INGESTED salbutamol (b2-agonist) improve performance

A

yes- improves strength, aerobic power, and endurance at 10-20x inhaled dose

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35
Q

normal BP

A

sBP < 120
dBP <80

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36
Q

elevated BP

A

sBP 120-129
dBP <80

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37
Q

hypertension stage 1

A

sBP 130-139
OR
dBP 80-90

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38
Q

hypertension stage 2

A

sBP >140
OR
dBP >90

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39
Q

prevalence of hypertension with increased age

A

increased

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40
Q

why is hypertension known as the silent killer

A

hypertension damages the endothelium , which predisposed the individual to atherosclerosis

increased afterload on the heart caused by hypertension may lead to LVR hypertrophy and is important cause of heart failure

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41
Q

hypertension txt

A

non-pharmacological approaches for mild or borderline hypertension

  • lose weight if overweight
  • limit alcohol intake
  • reduce sodium intake
  • eat healthy
  • stop smoking
  • exercise
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42
Q

exercise for hypertension

A

frequency: aerobic training on most/all days of week
intensity: moderate
duration: 30 to 60 min
mode: aerobic exercise supplemented by resistance training

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43
Q

effects of age on strength

A

strength increases as muscle mass increases with age

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44
Q

when does strength peak in men and women

A

~ 20 years women
~ 20-30 years men

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45
Q

the extent of muscular development depends on

A

relative maturation of nervous system

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46
Q

physiological responses to acute exercise: thermoregulation in children

A

children have increased SA:mass ratio
greater conductive heat loss, gain
less evaporative heat loss (decreased sweat)
slower heat acclimation

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47
Q

CV function in children in response to acute exercise: BP

A

resting and submaximal BP is lower than in adults because they have smaller hearts and lower peripheral resistance during exercise

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48
Q

children response to acute exercise on HR

A

higher HR which almost compensates for low SV

49
Q

children response to acute exercise on SV

A

lower SV due to having smaller heart and lower blood volume

50
Q

children response to acute exercise on Q

A

slightly lower Q than an adult

51
Q

children response to acute exercise on (a-v)O2 difference

A

increases to further compensate

higher than men on graph

52
Q

cardiorespiratory changes with age permit greater delivery of

A

O2

53
Q

absolute VO2 max response to acute exercise as we age

A

increases with age in both boys and girls

54
Q

relative VO2 max effects with acute exercise as we age in boys and girls

A

relative VO2 max stays steady with age in boys
relative VO2 max decreases with age in girls

55
Q

lung function as we age in response to acute exercise

A

lung volume increases as we age
peak flow rates increase with age (increased muscle mass around respiratory muscles = easier to move air)

56
Q

who has a worse exercise economy: adult or children

A

children have a worse economy- childs O2 consumption per kg is greater than adults
consume more O2= worse economy
with age, skills improve, stride lengthens

57
Q

endurance running pace as we age

A

increases with age purely as a result of economy of effort
occurs regarless of VO2max changes, training status

58
Q

anaerobic performance in children vs adults

A

children have limited anaerobic performance compared to adults (dont have enough muscle mass so it is harder for them to produce more power and less muscle = less glycogen= less enzyme = less production of byproducts

59
Q

why do children have a lower anaerobic performance compared to adults

A

less muscle glycogen
less glycolytic enzyme activity
lower blood lactate

60
Q

ATP-PCr stores in children vs adults

A

similar

61
Q

weight lifting in children

A

is safe and beneficial
- injuries can be avoided by attention to proper technique as exercise can promote muscular strength and bone density

62
Q

how to increase BMD in children

A

weight bearing exercises and sports

63
Q

effects of aerobic training in children

A

improvement in VO2max similar to adults and performance increases due to improved running economy (longer legs = more economical)

64
Q

anaerobic training in children leads to

A

higher resting PCr, ATP, glycogen
higher PFK activity
higher max blood lactate

  • same in adults
65
Q

physical activity patterns among youth

A

physical activity patterns established in childhood carry into adulthood
intervention strategies aimed at getting children more active have been mostly ineffective
early specialization in one sport reduces fun physical activities = reduced lifelong physical activity

66
Q

what is sudden cardiac death in young atheletes due to

A

very rare
due to congenital heart defects, not exercise (abnormal, lethal heart rhythms
* a medical exam can identify those at risk

67
Q

female vs male responses to training

A

females are similar to males

exception: thermoregulation is impaired during luteal phase (increase core temp) of menstrual cycle

68
Q

concerns for female athletes

A

exercise and the menstrual cycle
eating disorders
BMD
exercise during pregnancy

69
Q

athletic amenorrhea

A

cessation of menstruation

70
Q

potential causes of athletic amenorrhea

A

1) amount of training
2) psychological stress
3) low EA

71
Q

increased miles of training effects on amenorrhea

A

increases risk

72
Q

training and menstruation

A

no reason to limit training during menstruation
*only limitation may be dysmenorrhea due to painful menstruation due to prostaglandins

73
Q

prostaglandins

A

released in uterus and cause contractions = painful periods and may limit training capabilities during menstruation

74
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

extreme steps to reduce body weight via starvation, exercise, laxative use
results in : effective weight loss, amenorrhea, death

75
Q

bulimia

A

pattern of overeating (binging) followed by vomiting (purging)
results in : damage to teeth and esophagus

76
Q

warning signs for anorexia

A

rapid weight loss
mood swings
excessive exercise
wearing baggy clothes
preoccupation w food/calories/weight
avoid food related activities

77
Q

warning signs for bulimia

A

noticeable weight loss
depressive moods
excessive concern about weight
strict dieting followed by binges
increasing criticism of body
bathroom visits after meals

78
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mineral content caused by estrogen deficiency due to amenorrhea and inadequate Ca2+ intake due to eating disorders

79
Q

runners vs untrained women: bone mineral content

A

female runners have a higher bone mineral content than untrained females

80
Q

female athlete triad

A

low Ea leads to menstrual dysfunction and low BMD
menstrual dysfunction leads to low BMD

81
Q

RED-S

A

relative energy deficiency in sports
RED-S can be caused by psychological symptoms

82
Q
A
83
Q

energy availability calculation

A

EA: (energy intake - EE)/FFM

83
Q

treatment of RED-S

A

primary objective is to increase EA by increasing energy intake, reducing EE (training volume) or a combination of both

*athletes practicing restrictive eating behaviors should receive nutritional counseling and psychotherapy

83
Q

reasons females are at higher risk of knee injury

A

fluctuation in hormones during menstrual cycle
knee anatomy
dynamic neuromuscular imbalance

83
Q

recovery from RED-s

A

recovery of energy status in days or weeks
then recovery of menstrual status in months
lastly recovery of BMD in years

83
Q

why do fluctuation in hormones during menstrual cycle lead to increased risk of knee injury in females

A

may compromise ACL strength and or proprioceptor feedback

83
Q

risk of knee injury in female athletes

A

female athletes are at a higher risk of certain knee injuries compared to men
3.5x higher risk of non-contact ACL injury

84
Q

why does knee anatomy increase risk of knee injury in females

A

may be due to greater joint laxity

85
Q

why does dynamic neuromuscular imbalance increase risk of knee injury in females

A

imbalanced strength, proprioception, and landing biomechanics

86
Q

major adaptions to pregnancy

A

increases in plasma volume, Q, SV, HR
increase in tidal volume and minute ventilation

87
Q

risk of regular endurance exercise during pregnancy

A

regular endurance exercise poses little risk to the fetus and is beneficial for the mother due to reduced risk of developing gestational diabetes and preeclampsia

  • should consult with doctor prior to exercise due to absolute and relative contraindications
88
Q

effects of training while pregnant on absolute VO2 max

A

increased or maintained

89
Q

why does a combination of training and pregnancy result in a greater adaptation than training alone

A

due to increase in plasma volume during pregnancy

90
Q

exercise recommendations for pregnant women

A

follow ACSM/CDC recommendation which is 30 min/day of moderate intensity activity on most/preferably all days

91
Q

intensity of exercise for pregnant women can be determined by measuring

A

RPE 12-14
HR = may not be best method
“talk test”

92
Q

what should you monitor while a pregnant women is exercising

A

temperature
hydration
intensity and volume

93
Q

why is it important to monitor temperature with exercise in pregnant women

A

to prevent hyperthermia
limit body temp increase <1.5 C
aquatic exercise is recommended

94
Q

maintaining adequate hydration with exercise in pregnant women

A

consume fluids at regular intervals (every 15 min)
monitor fluid balance by measuring body weight

95
Q

when would you want to reduce training intensity and volume in pregnant women

A

as pregnancy advances due to regular examinations by physician

96
Q

older adult exercise trends

A

many more older adults are exercising today recreationally due to recreation, competition, more fit compared to older sedentary counterparts

97
Q

endurance performance declines after age

A

60
as shown by 10,000 m running time

98
Q

VO2 max as we age

A

declines by 1% each year after age 45

99
Q

mechanisms for age related decline in endurance performance

A

aging causes:
decreases in HRmax, SV, and (a-v)O2 difference which all decrease VO2max
exercise economy and LT stay the same with aging
all these factors lead to decrease in endurance exercise performance

100
Q

training effects on VO2 max as we age

A

training can slow but not prevent decline in VO2 max

101
Q

height effects with age

A

height decreases with age
- starts at 35-40 years
- compression intervertebral discs
- poor posture
- later, osteopenia, osteoporosis

102
Q

weight as we age

A

weight increases, then decreases

increases 25-45 years old due to decreased physical activity and high caloric intake

decreases 65+ years due to loss of body mass and decreased apetite

103
Q

body fat content as we age

A

body fat content tends to increase
- active vs sedentary older adults vary
- older athletes decrease body fat content and central adiposity

104
Q

FFM as we age

A

decreases starting around age 40

105
Q

why does FFM decrease after 40 years old

A

decrease muscle and bone mass
sarcopenia (protein synthesis decreases)
due in part to lack of activity
decreased growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1

106
Q

strength as we age

A

loss of strength as we age due to lower level of activity in older adults
also due to sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass)

107
Q

sarcopenia causes

A

decrease in muscle size (type I and II)
decrease in # fibers (type I and II)
greater reduction in type II fibers with aging

108
Q

reflexes as we age

A

slow with age
BUT exercise preserves reflex response time
active older people = young active people

109
Q

motor unit activation as we age

A

decreases
- but exercise retains maximal recruitment of muscle
- some studies show decreased strength due to local muscle factors (not neural)

110
Q

BMD as we age

A

decreases
bone resorption > bone synthesis
due to lack of weight bearing exercise

111
Q

osteoporosis is most common in

A

women over 50 due to lack of estrogen

112
Q

exercise for bone health

A

weight bearing activities 3-5 times per week
resistance exercise 2-3 times/week
moderate to high bone loading
30-60 min/day
weight bearing endurance activities
activities that involve jumping
resistance training

113
Q

what type of training is most effective as we age

A

resistance training
* but the combination of resistance and balance training can reduce the risk of falls

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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