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Higher Biology > Human Cells Unit 1 KA 7 > Flashcards

Human Cells Unit 1 KA 7 Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

1
Q

What is Cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic pathways that releases energy from food and generates ATP

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2
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

ATP is composed of adenosine and three inorganic phosphate (Pi) groups

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3
Q

When is energy released from ATP?

A

Energy is released from ATP when the bond attached to the terminal phosphate is broken by enzyme action

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4
Q

What is formed when ATP breaks down and releases energy?

A

When ATP is broken down and releases energy, it forms ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

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5
Q

What is Phosphorylation?

A

ADP + Pi -> ATP

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6
Q

Why is ATP important?

A

ATP is important as it acts like a link between catabolic and anabolic reactions

(Catabolic - releases energy) (Anabolic - consumes energy)

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7
Q

Why do humans not require a vast store of ATP?

A

Humans do not require a vast store of ATP as it is continously made at the same time as being used up

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8
Q

What are the three stages involved in Cellular Respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Citric Acid Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain

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9
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

(Stage 1/3)

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Where does the Citric acid cycle occur?

(Stage 2/3)

A

The citric acid cycle occurs in the central matrix of the mitochondria

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11
Q

Where does the Electron transport chain occur?

A

The elctron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

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12
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules

Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate

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13
Q

How much ATP is produced in the energy payoff phase of Glycolysis?
What is the net gain per glucose molecule?

A

4 ATP are produced in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis
net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule

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14
Q

How much ATP is needed in the energy investment phase of Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP are needed for the energy investment phase of glycolysis

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15
Q

What enzyme releases hydrogen ions from glucose?

A

Dehydrogenase enzymes release hydrogen ions from glucose

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16
Q

What happens to the hydrogen ions after being released from glucose?

A

After being released from glucose, the hydrogen ions are passed onto NAD forming NADH

17
Q

Glycolysis is an ____ reaction, this means it doesn’t need any ____

(Fill in the blanks)

A

Glycolysis is an anaerobic reaction, this means it doesn’t need any oxygen

18
Q

What happens to pyruvate molecules if oxygen is available?

A

If oxygen is available, pyruvate molecules progress into the citric acid cycle

19
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the Citric acid cycle?

A

In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group

20
Q

What happens to the acetyl group in the Citric acid cycle?

A

In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A

21
Q

How is Citrate formed?

A

Citrate is formed when acetyl from acetyl coenzmye A combines with oxaloacetate

22
Q

What is released as a by-product of the Citric acid cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide is a by-produce of the citric acid cycle

23
Q

How is ATP produced in the Citric acid cycle?

A

In the citric acid cycle ATP is created as citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate

(regenerated oxaloacetate can then form more citrate)

24
Q

What happens to the Electrons produced?

A

The electrons are passed to the Electron transport chain

25
Q

Which stage of Respiration produces the most ATP?

A

The electron transport chain produces the most ATP

26
Q

What is the Electron transport chain?

A

The electron transport chain is a collection of carrier proteins found on the inner membrane of mitochondria

27
Q

What does NADH do in the Electron transport chain?

A

NADH releases hydrogen ions and electrons into the transport chain

28
Q

What does energy from electrons do in the Electron transport chain?

A

In the electron transport chain energy from electrons is transferred to proteins in the membrane, providing energy for hydrogen ions to be pumped across the membrane

29
Q

In the Electron transport chain what does the flow of ions back across the membrane do?

A

In the electron transport chain the flow of ions back across the membrane synthesises ATP by a protein called ATP synthase

30
Q

What combines to form water in the Electron transport chain?

A

In the electron transport chain oxygen, hydrogen, ions and electrons form water

31
Q

How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule in the Electron transport chain?

A

In the electron transport chain 38 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule

Higher Biology (24 decks)

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