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a level computer science > 4.1 Fundamentals of Programming > Flashcards

4.1 Fundamentals of Programming Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 Programming Concepts

A
  • Sequence (do one statement after the other in order)
  • Selection (do a set of statements based on a condition)
  • Iteration (count or condition controlled)
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2
Q

Nested Statements (definition)

A

You have one set of commands inside another set of statements

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3
Q

Identifiers (definition)

A

The unique names given to elements such as variables or routines so that they can be identified

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4
Q

The Importance of Identifiers

A

It is important that identifiers are meaningful and relevant to the program
so that the program can be understood

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5
Q

Indenting your code (2)

A
  • increases readability
  • allows the human eye to trace code block more efficiently
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6
Q

A Pointer (definition)

A

A data type that stores a value of a given type as well as the memory location of the next item in the list

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7
Q

DIV =
MOD =

A

DIV = ignore remainder
MOD = remainder

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8
Q

Relational Operations are used in
e.g …

A
  • conditional statements
  • =, ==, <, >
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9
Q

Constants vs Variables (definition)

A
  • Variables can change at run time
  • Constants are fixed value variables and are fixed in the source code (cannot change during run time)
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10
Q

Advantages of Constants Over Variables (2)

A
  • value cannot be accidentally changed during running of program
  • program runs faster as all references to constants are replaced by compiled value at run time, whereas variable’s value has to be retrieved from memory every time
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11
Q

Advantages of Constants Over the Actual Value (2)

A
  • expression much easier to understand with meaningful identifiers
  • value only needs to be changed once to change all instances
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12
Q

Strings are

A

Immutable

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13
Q

Casting (definition)

A

The process of converting between data types

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14
Q

Concatenation (definition)

A

Joining together separate strings into a single string

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15
Q

Computers and Random Numbers (3)

A
  • hard for a logical computer to produce something truly random
  • no matter how the random numbers are produced the computer must rely on source code produced by a human
  • it is impossible for humans not to introduce a portion of bias into a system
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16
Q

Exception Handling (definition) (3)

A
  • The process of anticipating possible errors and writing code to deal with them
  • (robust programming)
  • can be used to help your program recover from run time errors such as invalid user inputs or divisions by zero
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17
Q

Subroutine (definition) (2)

A
  • A self contained set of commands that can be called from different parts of a program
  • Blocks of code which are independent of anything external to them
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18
Q

Types of Subroutines

A
  • Procedures: returns any amount of results including none
  • Functions: must return a value/values
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18
Q

Built In Methods:
- abs()
- chr()
- ord()
- upper()
- lower()
- strip()
- len()
- split(‘:’)

A
  • abs(): absolute value
  • chr(): ascii character
  • ord(): ascii value
  • upper(): turn string to uppercase
  • lower(): turn string to lowercase
  • strip()
  • len()
  • split(‘:’)
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19
Q

Args
- symbol
- meaning
- produces a

A
  • *
  • means an arbitrary number of parameters
  • produces a tuple
20
Q

Local Variables (3)
- access
- exist
- memory

A
  • accessible only within the subroutine
  • only exist while the subroutine is being executed
  • once control is returned to main body of code, all memory is reallocated
21
Q

Advantages of Local Variables (2)

A
  • increases modularity
  • decreases the volume of memory used

(Modularity = the degree to which a problem has been decomposed into individual problems)

22
Q

Global Variables (4)

A
  • variables that can be called and are operable by all blocks of code
  • assigned memory at run time
  • memory only released when program closes
  • try to minimise use of global variables
23
Q

Disadvantages of Global Variables (2)

A
  • program runs more slowly
  • may be called and edited accidentally (especially if names are similar)
24
Q

Stack Frames contain (3)

A
  • parameters
  • return address
  • local variables
25
Q

Stack Frames:
- advantage
- disadvantage

A
  • adv: they maintain the order in which procedures need to be executed in an efficient way
  • dis: a recursive procedure which calls itself indefinitely will run out of stack space
26
Q

Recursion (definition)

A

The ability to call itself to complete its task until a condition is met

27
Q

Two Parts of a Recursive Solution

A
  • the recursive: the code that calls itself for another iteration and passes new variable values
  • the limiter: what stops the code from creating an infinite loop
28
Q

Recursion is – efficient than iteration as …

A
  • less
  • recursion stores all previously existing variables used in the function
29
Q

OOP Design Principals

A
  • encapsulate what varies
  • favour composition over inheritance
  • program to the interface, not the implementation
30
Q

Public Attributes (definition) (symbols)

A
  • can be accessed outside and inside of the class
  • UML: +
  • Python:
31
Q

Private Attributes (definition) (symbols)

A
  • can only be accessed inside of the class (cannot be accessed directly)
  • UML: -
  • Python: __
32
Q

Protected Attributes (definition) (symbols)

A
  • can be accessed within the class and any class that inherits from it i.e. a child
  • UML: #
  • Python: _
33
Q

Object (definition)

A

An instance of a class

34
Q

A Constructor (definition)

A

A method that is automatically called when an instance of a class is created

35
Q

Constructors:
- identifier
- purpose

A
  • identifier: __init__
  • can be called explicitly
  • purpose: to prepare a new object for use by setting initial values of the attributes of an object
36
Q

Encapsulation (definition)

A

The concept that attributes and the methods that manipulate them are bound together

37
Q

Inheritance (definition)

A

An OOP technique that allows once class to inherit (share) the attributes and methods of another class (parent)
- “a kind of” or “a type of” relationship

38
Q

Parent Class =
Child Class =

A
  • superclass
  • subclass
39
Q

Aggregation/Composition is the stronger relationship

A

Composition

40
Q

Class Diagram Structure

A

Class Name, Attributes, Methods

41
Q

UML Diagrams:
- inheritance
- aggregation
- composition

A
  • inheritance: hollow headed arrow pointing upwards from child to parent
  • aggregation: empty diamond
  • composition: filled diamond
42
Q

Overriding

A

When you change the base characteristics of a class without having to change the source code

43
Q

A Virtual Method (definition)

A

An inheritable and overridable method

44
Q

Virtual Methods Allows for

A

Polymorphism

45
Q

An Abstract Method

A

A method that has no implementation

46
Q

An Abstract Class

A

A class that contains at least one abstract method
- doesn’t create objects itself but rather creates child classes

47
Q

An Interface (definition)

A

The collection of abstract methods in an abstract class

48
Q

The base case of a recursive subroutine is

A

The circumstances when a recursive subroutine does not call itself

a level computer science (13 decks)

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