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Toxicology > Toxic Responses of the Kidney > Flashcards

Toxic Responses of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Principal Role of Kidney

A

Excretion of metabolic wastes

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2
Q

Metabolic wastes came from the ________ (mainly the
byproducts) are processed by the kidneys

A

liver

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3
Q

Other functions of kidneys

A

Synthesize Hormones
Regulation of Extracellular fluid volume
Electrolyte composition
Acid-base balance

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4
Q

The Kidneys transform Vit D to _______

A

Vit D3 (Active form)

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5
Q

THREE DEMARCATED ANATOMICAL AREAS

A

Cortex
Medulla
Papilla

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6
Q

90% of the kidney

A

Cortex

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7
Q

~6-10% of the kidney

A

Medulla

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8
Q

1-2% of the kidney

A

Papilla

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9
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron, Vascular element,
glomerulus, tubular element

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10
Q

Interlobar, arcuate, interlobular arteries
and afferent arterioles that supply the glomerulus

A

RENAL ARTERY

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11
Q

T/F: Both afferent and efferent arterioles control glomerular
capillary pressure and glomerular plasma flow rate

A

True

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12
Q

a complex, specialized capillary bed
composed primarily of endothelial cells

A

glomerulus

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13
Q

Characterized by an attenuated and fenestrated
cytoplasm & visceral epithelial cells

A

glomerulus

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14
Q

Cell body (podocyte), trabeculae and pedicles (foot
processes), glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

A

glomerulus

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15
Q

These are sandwiched in the endothelial cells between
the glomerulus

A

Cell body (podocyte), trabeculae and pedicles (foot
processes), glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

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16
Q

The blood flow from the heart that travels from the
___________ goes to the glomerular site of the kidney.
Once the wastes are delivered, it goes back to the
heart as _____________ blood

A

renal artery; deoxygenated

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17
Q

S1

A

Pars convolute

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18
Q

S2

A

Transition between pars
convolute and pars recta

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19
Q

S3

A

Pars Recta

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20
Q

___________ is the workhorse of the nephron, as it
reabsorbs 60-80% of solute and water filtered at the
glomerulus

A

proximal tubule

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21
Q

mainly filters the solute and water

A

Glomerulus

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22
Q

___________ reabsorbs virtually all the filtered low MW proteins
by specific endocytotic protein reabsorption processes

A

proximal tubule

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23
Q

Approximately 25% of the filtered Na and K and 20% of
the filtered water are reabsorbed by the segments of the ___________

A

Loop Henle

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24
Q

Iso-osmotic to the renal
interstitium

A

Tubular fluid
entering the thin
descending limb

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25
Q

Water is freely permeable, and
solutes (electrolytes and urea)

A

Tubular fluid
entering the thin
descending limb

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26
Q

Impermeable to water, and
electrolytes are reabsorbed by the
active Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport
mechanism (Na+,K+, -ATPase)

A

Thin ascending limb

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27
Q

Reabsorbs most of the remaining
impermeable to water

A

Early distal tubule

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28
Q

Perform the final regulation and
finetuning of urinary volume and
composition

A

Late distal tubule,
cortical collecting
tubule, and medullary
collecting duct

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29
Q

is characterized by an abrupt decline in GFR with
resulting azotemia

A

AKI

30
Q

buildup of nitrogen in the blood

A

azotemia

31
Q

describes the entire spectrum of the disease and is defined
as a complex disorder that comprises multiple causative
factors with clinical manifestations ranging from minimal
elevation in serum creatinine to anuric renal failure

A

AKI

32
Q

Any decline in GFR is complex and may result from:

A

Prerenal, Postrenal and Intrarenal factors

33
Q

Renal vasoconstriction

A

Prerenal factors

34
Q

Intravascular volume depletion

A

Prerenal factors

35
Q

Insufficient cardiac output

A

Prerenal factors

36
Q

Ureteral or bladder obstruction

A

Postrenal factors

37
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Intrarenal factors

38
Q

Tubular cell injury

A

Intrarenal factors

39
Q

Death and loss resulting in back leak

A

Intrarenal factors

40
Q

Causes reduction of blood flow that results to
diminished capillary pressure

A
41
Q

In Afferent arteriolar constriction; ↓ capillary presure in the glomerulus=___________glomerular
function

A

↓ glomerular function

42
Q

Possible causes of constriction

A

high blood pressure

43
Q

In Obstruction of the tubular lumen, ↑ tubular pressure = _____ glomerular capillary pressure
and filtration

A

↓ glomerular capillary pressure
and filtration

44
Q

Paracellular space between cells decreases

A

Back-leak

45
Q

Glomerular filtrate leaks into the extracellular space
and bloodstream

A

Back-leak

46
Q

Poisoning of the circulation

A

Back-leak

47
Q

Wastes are reabsorbed, since highly vascularized ang
kidney

A

Back-leak

48
Q

T/F: NSAIDs cause many types of chemically-induced AKI

A

True

49
Q

Tx for Permanent kidney damage

A

kidney replacement,
dialysis

50
Q

in-vitro system of kidneys

A

Dialysis

51
Q

Machine that filters all the metabolic
wastes of the body

A

Dialysis

52
Q

Common patients of Dialysis

A

eriatric, diabetic
patients since they have reduced GFR

53
Q

Tx For adults who have reduced GFR

A

reduce drug doses

54
Q

If you have different insults to the nephrons and
kidney, it may lead to the following:

A

○ Compensatory hypertrophy
○ Cellular adaptation
○ Cellular proliferation
○ Cellular repair

55
Q

Progressive deterioration of renal function may occur with
long term exposure to various chemicals (analgesics, lithium,
cyclosporine)

A

CKD

56
Q

Used by patients with depression

A

Lithium

57
Q

alterations in CKD are maladaptive, and ________________ eventually develops, which may lead to
________________ and ________________

A

focal
glomerulosclerosis; tubular atrophy ; interstitial fibrosis

58
Q

T/F: If you have a kidney problem it is possible that you
also have a cardiac problem and vice versa

A

true

59
Q

Although the kidneys constitute only 0.5% of total body
mass, they receive about __________ of the resting
cardiac output

A

20% to 25%

60
Q

T/F: A nontoxic concentration of a chemical in the plasma may
reach toxic concentrations in the kidney and its tubules

A

True

61
Q

NSAIDs: _________________ → ↓ renal
blood flow → __________

A

prostaglandin synthesis suppressor; AKI

62
Q

ACEIs: block ____________ → precipitous decline in
filtration pressure and _________

A

vasoconstriction; AKI

63
Q

the initial site of chemical exposure within
the nephron

A

glomerulus

64
Q

the most common site of
toxicant-induced renal injury

A

proximal tubule

65
Q

has a leaky epithelium, favoring the flux
of compounds into proximal tubular cells

A

proximal tubule

66
Q

Functional abnormalities at distal nephron sites manifest
primarily as impaired concentrating ability and/or
acidification defects

A

LOOP OF HENLE/DISTAL TUBULE/
COLLECTING DUCT INJURY

67
Q

susceptible to the chronic injurious
effects of abusive consumption of analgesics

A

renal papilla

68
Q

T/F: Xenobiotics in the systemic circulation will be delivered to
the kidney in relatively high amounts.

A

True

69
Q

T/F: The process that concentrates urine does not
concentrate potential toxicants in the tubular fluid

A

False

70
Q

contribute to the susceptibility of the kidney to
toxic injury

A

Renal transport, accumulation, and biotransformation of
xenobiotics

71
Q

Numerous nephrotoxicants cause____________
via compromised respiration and ATP production, or some
other cellular process, leading to either apoptosis or necrosis

A

mitochondrial dysfunction

Toxicology (9 decks)

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