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biology year 1 > 2.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

2.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what elements are found in carbohydrates

A

C , H , O

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2
Q

3 uses of carbohydrates

A

1.Acts as a source of energy (glucose)
2. Acts as a store of energy (Starch & Glycogen)
3. Acts as a structural unit (Cellulose)

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3
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

Simplest carbohydrates and act as monomer for larger structures

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4
Q

3 monosaccharides

A

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

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5
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

in alpha glucose on the 1st carbon hydrogen in at the top while OH is at the bottom

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6
Q

What is a dissacharide

A

Formed when 2 monosaccharides join together by condensation

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7
Q

What does a condensation reaction form

A

1-4 Glycosidic Bond

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8
Q

A glucose + A glucose

A

maltose

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9
Q

A glucose + Fructose

A

sucrose

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10
Q

B Galactose + A glucose

A

Lactose

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11
Q

B Glucose + B glucose

A

Cellobiose

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12
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

polymers of monosaccharides bonded together using a condensation reaction

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13
Q

Homopolysaccharide

A

Polysaccharide that’s made from 1 type of monosaccharide

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14
Q

Hetropolysaccharide

A

polysaccharide that’s made from from different types of monosaccharide

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15
Q

what polymers are starch made from

A

2 alpha glucose
( Amylopectin , Amylose )

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16
Q

what bonds are there in starch

A

1,4 in amylose
1,4 + 1,6 in amylopectin

17
Q

what is the function of starch

A

storing glucose

18
Q

location of starch

A

plant cells

19
Q

how does structure of starch lead to its function

A
  • helix is compact to fit a lot of space
  • Branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
  • Insoluble ( won’t affect water potential )
20
Q

what is the structure of amylose like

A
  • unbranched chain coils to form helix
  • The hydrogen bonds keep it in place
  • The hydroxyl on carbon-2 is situated on the inside of coil making it less soluble and allowing it to maintain the coil structure due to h-bonds
21
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin like

A
  • Coils up to form spirals
  • Held together by hydrogen bonds
  • Branches emerge from the spiral
22
Q

what monomers are glycogen made from

A

a glucose

23
Q

what bonds are there

A

1,4
1,6

24
Q

why does the structure coil less

A

the 1,4 bond chains are smaller

25
Q

what is the function of glycogen

A

storing glucose

26
Q

Where is it found

A

found in animal cells ( mainly muscle + liver cells )

27
Q

How does the structure of glycogen lead to its function

A
  • More branched than starch meaning it has higher S.A for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
  • Insoluble ( won’t affect water potential )
28
Q

what monomers are cellulose made from

A

B glucose

29
Q

what bonds do they contain

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds and hydrogen bonds to form a fibril

30
Q

what is the function of cellulose

A

strengthen the cell wall

31
Q

where is it found

A

in plants

32
Q

what is the structure like

A

long straight chains that are parallel to one another and have hydrogen bonds holding them together to form a fibril

33
Q

how does structure lead to function

A

insoluble ( won’t affect water potential )

34
Q

what needs to happen for 2 cellulose molecules to combine through condensation reaction

A

the 2nd cellulose must rotate 180 degrees

35
Q

why is does the 2nd cellulose rotate?

A

the OH groups are on different sides so they need to rotate 180 degrees to align them together

36
Q

how is a microfibril formed

A

when 60-70 cellulose chains bond together

37
Q

how is macrofibril formed

A

formed when 300 microfibrils join together

38
Q

How does the macrofibril provide extra strength

A

run in all directions + criss-cross for extra strength

39
Q

what are 2 adaptations

A
  • There is space between macrofibril to allow water + mineral ions to pass through making the cell-permeable
  • Due to high tensile strength cell doesn’t burst

biology year 1 (16 decks)

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