Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OD > Lecture 4 OD exam > Flashcards

Lecture 4 OD exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two clades within Unikonta?

A

Amoebozoa and Opisthokonts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The fusion of the DHFR and TS genes means what for the phylogeny of Eukaryotes?

A

The fusion of DHFR-TS tells us that the four non unikonta clades are relatives somehow
The genes were only inherited by Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, and Archaeplastida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three groups of amoebozoans?

A

gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and slime molds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the two types of slime molds.

A

Plasmodial slime molds
- Come together in one big mass/blob and
not separated
- All nuclei are together inside one
mass/blob
Cellular slime molds
- The come together/aggregate, but are still separated by their cell walls
Still a big mass, but their nuclei are separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the life cycle of a cellular slime mold

A

Cellular slime molds form multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes
Cells feed individually, but can aggregate to form a fruiting body
Dictyostelium discoideum is an experimental model for studying the evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why aren’t there more cellular slime mold cheaters to avoid being a stem?

A

Altruism
Individual selection
they can recognize the cheaters and kick them out!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gymnamoebas live where

A

Soil, fresh, water and marine environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Entamoebas live where?

A

Parasites on vertebrates and some invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 2 diseases that entamoebas cause?

A

Histolytic causes amebic dysentery, and Acanthamoeba a waterborne eye pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many times has multicellularity evolved in the opisthokonts?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Back to slime molds: Kin selection might help explain the apparent sacrifice of the stalk/base amoebas in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. What idea did the recent paper we discussed in class support? (betterment of the species, altruism, individual selection, or drift)

A

alturism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or False:

We are just learning about this recently but mycorrhizal fungi can connect whole forests of trees. The trees may use this “wood wide web” to communicate danger to each other, steal nutrients, share nutrients, bequeath resources before death, and may even recognize offspring and help them out.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does opisthokont mean - literally?

A

posterior end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

label and describe a general life cycle for a fungus.

A

look at slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of mycorrhizae? How do they differ?

A
  • Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex.
  • Arbusclar mycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell walls of fungus are made of

A

chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are haustoria?

A

specialized hyphae that allow them too penetrate into tissues of their host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is heterotrophy

A

An organism that is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition because it cannot synthesize its own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during plasmogamy?

A

the union of two mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do fungi recognize each other? (what’s the chemical called?

A

pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during karyogamy?

A

fusion of nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s a mold?

A

Produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What’s a yeast?

A

Instead of producing spores, yeasts reproduce asexually by simple cell division and the pinching of “bud cells” from a parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Chytrids and how do they get nutrition?

A

They can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists * Molecular evidence supports the hypothesis that chytrids diverged early in fungal evolution * Chytrids are unique among fungi in having flagellated spores, called zoospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a zygomycete? Give an example

A

Type of fungi named for their sexually produced zygosporangia. Zygosporangia are resistant to freezing and drying, so can survive in unfavorable conditions
Include fast growing molds, parasites and commensal symbionts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Pilobolus? Why do they face light?

A

A zygomycete fungi that can actually aim their sporangia toward conditions associated with good food sources.
Towards light=grass=cows= dispersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a glomeromycete? Why are they important? What type of mycorrhizae do they form?

A

glomeromycetes are fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Relationship with land plants
Grows within the cell walls of a plant and helps the plant process and absorb food.

28
Q

Describe the reproductive structures of ascomycetes.

A

sexual spores in saclike asci, usually contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps
Asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia
Conidia are not formed inside the sporangia; they are produced asexually at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores

29
Q

What are three “good” ascomycetes?

A

Morchella, truffle, penicillium (alexander fleming)

30
Q

What is a sac fungi?

A

An ascomycete; production of sexual spores in saclike asci

31
Q

How can ascomycetes get their nutrition?

A

Parasites, decomposers

32
Q

Beer has been around for ____ years

A

6.000

33
Q

discovered penicillin (even though he did not recognize its value to human welfare) in what year?

A

Alexander Flemming in 1928

34
Q

Who is Mary Hunt (aka Moldy Mary)

A

Found the penicillin in a cantaloupe

35
Q

What is Fusarium, Cryptococcus, Ergot and Candida? Be specific.

A

Bad ascomycetes
Fusarium : fungus that grows on grain and can reach flour which can affect humans and release alkaloids
Cryptococcus : located in bird poop especially pigeons and when a lot is inhaled the spores can cause problems in humans
Ergot : fungi that can cause serious effects on humans and is found in yeasts that have been aged too long - caused many deaths in france and serious hallucinations (things like the salem witch trials)
Candida: can be a diaper rash in young children, smells like yeast

36
Q

Claviceps infects_____________ and produces 4 alkaloids

A

grains
4 alkaloids
Ergotamine: vasoconstrictor
Ergonovine: spontaneous abortions
Ergine: gastrointestinal toxin, seizures, formication (feeling of ants crawling under skin),
Lysergic Acid Hydroxyethylamide; precursor to LSD → hallucinations

37
Q

Describe how Cordyceps can affect an ant’s behavior and why.

A

Takes over the mind and body of the ant
Makes the ant climb up a stick and latches onto the branch
The fungi grow the fruiting body out of the head of the organism
The fruiting body releases the spores that can infect other organisms in the colony
Can also control population in larger ecosystems that a population has taken over

38
Q

To what group of fungi does White-nose Syndrome belong?

A

Ascomycete because we know that it forms_a white substance on the nose___reproductive structures (penidia)______.

39
Q

Basidiomycetes are called __ because of the shape of the ______ _________.

A

club fungi because they are club like shaped

40
Q

Basidomycetes and________________ are sister taxa.

A

ascomycetes

41
Q

One common name for a basidiocarp is ____________.

A

mushroom

42
Q

If examined closely, you may be able to find 3 different nuclear arrangements in the basidiocarps on your pizza. What are they?

A

Heterocharyotes
Diploid cells
Haploid cells

43
Q

What’s a lichen?

A

A symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus.

44
Q

What are leaf-cutter ants doing (assignment video)?

A

Harvesting leaves to make an indoor garden that fungus grows on and allows them to eat that fungus. Their entire colony is made of these leaves and fungus, and has become a superorganism due to the 3 way symbiotic relationship between the ants, the fungus and the antibacterial fungus that also grow on the ants themselves

45
Q

What’s an endophytic fungus?

A

Plants harbor harmless symbiotic endophytes that live inside leaves or other plant parts
Endophytes make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

46
Q

Dr. Curry’s ant-fungus symbiosis lab is at what university

A

University of wisconsin madison

47
Q

How do leaf-cutter ants control the parasitic fungi that attack their fungal crops (assignment video)?

A

They use the antibacterial fungus that grows on them to their advantage because it will deter the fungus that attack their crops

48
Q

Kladothrips soldiers protect the colony from invading thrips and__________________ (genus).

A

cordyceps

49
Q

With respect to cell structure and function, what are the four main characteristics of animals?

A

Multicellular
their cells lack walls
their bodies are held together by structural proteins such as collagen
nerve and muscle tissue are unique to animals

50
Q

Describe animal development from egg to gastrula.

A

Most animals reproduce, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle
After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage
Cleavage leads to the formation of a blastula
The blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layer of embryonic tissue

51
Q

What are the choanoflagellates and what two bits of data tell us that they are similar to the ancestor of animals?

A

Free living unicellular and colonial flagellated eukaryotes, and DNA and morphology show that they are related

52
Q

What are these and in what order did they occur?:Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Neoproteozoic.

A

Neoproteozoic, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

53
Q

In which of the above did mammals arise?

A

mesozoic

54
Q

What are the two types of symmetry?

A

bilateral and radial

55
Q

What are the three germ layers and what do they give rise to?

A

Ectoderm: covers the embryo surface
Mesoderm: between ectoderm and endoderm
Endoderm: innermost layer that lines the developing digestive system

56
Q

A true coelom is lined with tissue from

A

mesoderm

57
Q

On what continent might camels have originated and what might they be suited for other than desert life?

A

North America and the hump of fat

58
Q

What are the differences between protostome and deuterostome development?

A

Deuterostome: cleavage is radial and indeterminate, can develope two individual offsprings. blastopore becomes anus
Protostome: blastopore becomes the mouth. Cleavages is spiral and determinate. Can only become one offspring

59
Q

What’s a choanocyte, amoebocyte and a mesohyl?

A

Choanocyte: flagellated collar cells that generate a water current through sponges to ingest suspended food
Amoebocyte: located in mesohyl and play roles in digestion and structure (does most of the work)
Mesohyl: noncellular layer between the two cell layers

60
Q

What are the three main groups of flatworms?

A

Turbellarians, tapeworm, Monogeneans and Trematodes

61
Q

Why isn’t Porifera a good taxonomic name?

A

This would be a grade and not a clade

61
Q

What are the major groups of molluscs?, arthropods?

A

Molluscs:
Chitons
Gastropods
Bivalves
Cephalopods
Arthropods:
Cheliceriforms
Myriapods
Hexapods
Crustaceans

62
Q

What are the 4 traits that link all chordates?

A

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail

62
Q

Who are the deuterostomes?

A

2nd opening blastopore becomes the anus, 1 way digestive tract, hemichordata and chordata

63
Q

Why is variation/diversity important?

A

Diversity and variation help adapt to changes in the environment

64
Q

The role of competition in evolution is clear, what about cooperation/interaction? Is it important too?

A

Yes because working together is important for life to work

OD (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions