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Linguistics > Cog Neuro Final > Flashcards

Cog Neuro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

Prediction for decision making and rewards
Those with lesions become impatient for Temporal Discounting

More for taste preference
Price (like on wine) impacts perception of how it tastes and OFC tracks this
Also about socially inappropriate behavior

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2
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Conflict resolution and error detecting. Greater activity for hard or difficult (incongruent trials like in the Stroop task when its the wrong color with the word. but then activation gets less because you are anticipating the incongruency)

Responds to valence for social cognition

Involved in PAIN

Is in the medial frontal cortex

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3
Q

Insula

A

Disgust

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4
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear response and social judgement

Low road:
quick, autonomic reactions. fight or flight response. directly from thalamus

High road:
slower but more accurate. higher level judgements. from thalamus, but then to sensory cortex

Lesions create no fear response

Emotional memories are more salient
More active to fearful faces

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5
Q

Hippocampus

A

Subdivided
Involved with “Recall/recognition”
Binds info from perirhinal and parahippocampus

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6
Q

Parahippocampus

A

Active for “familiarity”
Scenes and places
Also for context

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7
Q

Perirhinal

A

Detects novel items
Involved in familiarity

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8
Q

Superior Temporal Sulcus

A

Joint attention. Driven by eye gaze
- Most active when gaze is MET

IDing non-verbal cues
High sensitivity for speech and language

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9
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe (what is in the region)

A

Hippocampus
Parahippocampus
Perirhinal cortex

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10
Q

Default Mode Network

A

The parts of the brain that are active when the brain is at rest: the medial temporal lobe, the medial parietal lobe, the posterior cingulate cortex

Becomes deactivated when doing a task
related to day dreaming

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11
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

Things become more stronger with activation
Blocking this impairs memory

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12
Q

Areas important for auditory processing

A

Inferior temporal gyrus
Medial temporal gyrus
Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Heschl’s gyrus

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13
Q

Posterior Cingulate Cortex

A

dorsal attention networks
DMN

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14
Q

N400

A

Semantic violations
Temporal lobe

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15
Q

P600

A

Syntactic violations (grammatical violations)
Parietal and frontal lobes

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16
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Broken Speech
Expressive

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17
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Saying word salad
Receptive

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18
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Inability to repeat
Kind of a mix of Broca’s and Wernicke

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19
Q

Medial Prefrontal Cortex

A

Responds to self description
Theory of mind
differentials between judgements between self and friends

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20
Q

Attentional Blindness

A

The inability to notice salient features because something else is going on (gorilla video)

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21
Q

Change Blindness

A

Inability to notice changes because you are thinking about something else

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22
Q

Selective attention

A

Competition so you have to pick what to attend to. If you attend to something it will take your attention away from something else.

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23
Q

Voluntary Attention

A

Endogenous
Self motivated

Overt:
Move your attention AND eyes

Cover:
Just move your attention but NOT eyes

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24
Q

Reflexive Attention

A

Exogenous
Stimulus driven

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25
Q

Attenuation Theory

A

High res vs low res
When info is needed it’s in high res and when it’s not its in low res but still there

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26
Q

P300

A

Working memory and conscious access of data and rare stimuli

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27
Q

Attentional Blink

A

Temporal limitation. The idea that you’re worse on the second visual stimuli because you’re paying attention to the first one
Evidence for late selection

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28
Q

Dorsal Attention Network

A

Voluntary attention, location, features, objects

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29
Q

Ventral Attention Network

A

Novelty and salience
Detection

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30
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A

Bilateral
Massive visual deficits
Attentional spotlight is SO small

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31
Q

Spatial Neglect

A

UNILATERAL
Damage to one hemisphere leads to the good hemisphere “locking” and can’t see anything outside that hemisphere
Can be directed to it but can’t “see it” on own

32
Q

Subcortical Attention

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus
Superior Colliculus
Pulvinar

33
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Where vision comes from in the thalamus
Activity increases with attention

34
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Behind corpus callosum
Controls eye movement

35
Q

Pulvinar

A

Role in covert attention

36
Q

Modal memory theory

A

Sequential progression of memory: MUST GO in the order– input, register, STM, LTM
Has been called into question

37
Q

Recall

A

Know
NAMING all 7 dwarves

38
Q

Recognition

A

=familiarty
can you recognize the names of all 7 dwarves

39
Q

HPA response

A

regulates stress response
in the hippocampus

40
Q

Chronic stress

A

suppresses LTP
telomeres shorten
decrease dendritic spines

41
Q

Activation for in-group

A

Fusiform face area, amygdala and OFC

42
Q

Fear

A

Amygdala

43
Q

Anger

A

OFC and ACC

44
Q

Sadness

A

Amygdala and Right temporal pole

45
Q

Disgust

A

Insula, ACC

46
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to speak

47
Q

Anomia

A

Inability to name

48
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to read

49
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Unique in humans and it’s why humans have more language
contexts temporal and parietal cortex

50
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

primary auditory cortex
sensitive to acoustic info

51
Q

Anterior activation with language

A

more activation with increasing complexities

52
Q

Visual word form area

A

in left hemisphere
active for visual representation of words
critical for processing written language
damage leads to alexia

53
Q

Dyslexia

A

Less blood flow to the VWFA which makes it more difficult to process text

54
Q

Paraphasic errors

A

Word substitutions

55
Q

Self referential processing

A

how I see the world
it develops early

56
Q

Self referential effect

A

Items related to self are better remembered (from the medial prefrontal cortex)

57
Q

Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Involved in elaboration and referential processing

58
Q

Theory of mind

A

Medial PFC
tied to empathy
ability to understand what someone is thinking/feeling
kids can not do this

59
Q

State Attribution Theory (ToM)

A

Elaborate based on rules and knowledge of the world
Theory theory

60
Q

Experience sharing theory (ToM)

A

Imagine a situation mentally and simulate it and see how it would make us feel.
Simulation theory

61
Q

What controls cognitive control

A

Lateral PFC (WM and inhibition)
OFC-frontal pole (Reward)
ACC-medial frontal (conflict)

62
Q

Ventral-Dorsal

A

What vs how

63
Q

Anterior-Posterior axes

A

Abstract vs concrete

64
Q

Lateral-medial axes

A

immediate environment vs history

65
Q

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Involved in WM
Has preferred info: object vs location
Self control

66
Q

Brain region involved in temporal discounting

A

OFC
With OFC lesions they become very impatient and the reward loses value over much faster time

67
Q

Dualism (conscioussness)

A

The mind and brain and separate entities

68
Q

Materialism

A

Mind is inseparable from the body

69
Q

Core consciousness

A

Low level
Reticular Activating System

70
Q

Extended consciousious

A

Complex (meta)
Cerebral Cortex

71
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

In hypothalamus
Gets input from the retina
Regulates circadian rhythms

72
Q

Locus Coeruleus

A

Increases wakefulness
Releases norepinephrine

73
Q

Areas involved in moral dilemmas

A

MFG
PCC
Angular gyrus

74
Q

Areas involved in making difficult decisions (neuroethics)

A

MFG
ACC
Precuneus
PCC

75
Q

Frontal regions for ethics

A

Tracks the greater good (utilitarianism)

Linguistics (2 decks)

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