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biology > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A

-Heart
-Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries)
-Blood

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2
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

-Move blood around the body
-Move oxygen and water to the cells
-Move glucose
-Remove carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

A circulation system where the heart pumps blood to the organs and then the blood travels around the body back to the heart

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4
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body where oxygen is used and carries the deoxygenated back to the heart

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5
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back o the heart

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6
Q

What does partial pressure mean?

A

pO2 or ppO2
Concentration of oxygen

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7
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Carries oxygen and gives erythrocytes their colour
-Made of 4 polypeptide chains
-Each chain has a haem group containing iron
-Globular shape
-Each haem group picks up 4 molecules of oxygen

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8
Q

What is the haemoglobin reaction?

A

Haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin
Hb + 4O2 = HBO8
-A reversible reaction

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9
Q

What does having a high affinity for oxygen mean?

A

-Attracted to oxygen
-Easily loads oxygen
-Releases oxygen less readily
-In organisms who live in environments with low oxygen e.g lugworms
-These organisms will have a low metabolic rate (respire more slowly)
-They find it more useful to have haemoglobin which takes in oxygen quicker than it releases it

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10
Q

What is the curve on the graph for high affinity for oxygen?

A

Graph curves to the left

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11
Q

What does having a low affinity for oxygen mean?

A

-Slowly takes up oxygen
-Releases oxygen quicker
-Found in organisms who live in environments with lots of oxygen e.g humans
-They respire and use more oxygen
-It is more important to have haemoglobin which releases oxygen quicker than it takes it in

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12
Q

What is the curve on the graph for low affinity for oxygen?

A

Graph curves to the right

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13
Q

What is fetal haemoglobin?

A

-Has a different quaternary structure to adult haemoglobin
-Higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin when at the same partial pressure
-Maintains a diffusion gradient across the placenta

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14
Q

What is myoglobin haemoglobin?

A

-Higher affinity for oxygen than adult and fetal haemoglobin
-Stores oxygen in the muscles
-Found in human muscles

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15
Q

What is an artery?

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart towards the cells of the body

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16
Q

What is a vein?

A

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart from the cells of the body

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17
Q

What is a capillary?

A

Minute vessels that spread throughout the tissues of the body

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18
Q

How is blood pumped around the body?

A

-Deoxygenated blood is brought into the right atrium from the vena cava
-The pressure of the blood opens the tricuspid valve and forces the deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle
-The blood is then forced into the pulmonary artery to go to the lungs
-After the lungs, the blood enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
-Blood enters the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
-Blood is then pumped into the aorta and into the body

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19
Q

What are the features of the capillaries?

A

-No valves
-Very thin
-Permeable walls, only one cell thick
-Very small lumen
-Function is to allow exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues

20
Q

What are the features of arteries?

A

-Small lumen
-No valves (except in the heart)
-Thick walls with smooth elastic to resist high pressure
-Blood is at a high pressure
-Function is to carry blood from the heart to the tissues

21
Q

What are the features of veins?

A

-Large lumen to reduce resistance to flow
-Valves to prevent back flow
-Thin walls
-Blood at a low pressure
-Function is to carry blood from tissues to the heart

22
Q

How does your heart contract?

A

-The sinoatrial node (SAN, hearts natural pacemaker) in the top right of the atrium creates and sends impulses across the atrium
-The impulse creates a contraction which pushes blood into the ventricles
-The atrioventricular node (AVN) sends an impulse down the bundle of his to the purkyne tissues
-The purkyne tissue causes contraction and pushes blood back to the atrium to be released

23
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The cycle of contraction and relaxation in the heart

24
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction of the heart
-Atrial systole is when the atria contract together and force blood into the ventricles
-Ventricular systole is when the ventricles contract

25
Q

What is diastole?

A

When the heart relaxes and fills with blood

26
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The liquid which surrounds the cells, allowing for transport between blood and cells

27
Q

How is tissue fluid formed through pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure from the heart contractions forces fluid out of the capillaries
-Fluid moves out of tiny gaps in the capillary walls
-Dissolved gases and nutrients move with it
-Larger plasma proteins and cells do not

28
Q

How is tissue fluid formed through osmosis?

A

Hydrostatic pressure causes a loss of water from the capillaries giving them a negative water potential
-Water moves down the water potential gradient into the capillaries

29
Q

What is lymph?

A

Not all fluid passes back into the capillaries, the excess output needs to be collected to avoid swelling
-The excess is drained into the vessels of the lymphatic system

30
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

-The arteries become narrowed due to the build up of plaque on the inside of the arteries
-The fatty acids take up space in the artery causing less space for the blood to travel through
-This causes high pressure in the artery

31
Q

What factors increase the chance of atherosclerosis?

A

-Obesity
-Smoking
-Alcohol
-High cholesterol and triglyceride levels

32
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When part of the blood circulation to the brain is cut off

33
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A

-Ischemic stroke = caused due to a blocked artery to the brain, usually due to fatty build ups
-Hemorrhagic stroke = caused by a leaking or burst blood vessel in the brain, usually due to high blood pressure

34
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

An abnormally large bulge in a blood vessel cell wall which can potentially burst causing internal bleeding

35
Q

What are the two kinds of heart attack?

A

-Angina = where plaque builds slowly in the coronary arteries which reduces the volume of blood flow to the heart muscle
-Myocardial infarction = where the coronary artery becomes completely blocked and part of the heart muscle is starved of oxygen

36
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

-Increased carbon dioxide levels lower the pH levels of the blood
-This affects the ability of the haemoglobin to transport oxygen
-A lower pH causes haemoglobin to release more oxygen
-A higher pH causes haemoglobin to hold onto more oxygen

37
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported?

A

-Binds to haemoglobin into carbaminohaemoglobin
-Dissolves as CO2
-Hydrogen carbonate ions

38
Q

What is the function of an erythrocyte?

A

Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen around the body

39
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis

40
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Important in the response against pathogens and help develop immunity

41
Q

What is the function of basophilis?

A

Produce histamines in inflammation and in allergic reactions

42
Q

What is the function of monocyte?

A

Engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

43
Q

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

A

Important in the specific immune response of the body

44
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Important for transporting and helps maintain body temperature

45
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Involved in the clotting mechanism of blood

biology (10 decks)

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