week 11 individual differences

Question 1

DSM-5

Answer 1

The diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders

Question 2

Types of disorders

Answer 2

sleeping, eating, substance use, sex, attention, impulse control, personality.
Anything in everyday life can go wrong

Question 3

The challenge

Answer 3

Horizontal expansion
Vertical expansion
Concept creep

Question 4

More challenges

Answer 4

Official guidelines change over time
Professionals all have to agree on where the pathology begins
The cut-offs are somewhat arbitrary

Question 5

Pathological levels

Answer 5

No diagnosis is done with one symptom
There are different factors to see if behaviour is pathological levels these are:
Chronicity, Severity, Disruption, control

Question 6

Paradox

Answer 6

Cut-off points-> when mental illness is on a continuum
Clinicians are more concerned if symptoms affect function
Diagnosis can help to get treatment
but because of this cut-off points are more arbitrary

Question 7

Stress doesn’t effect everyone in the same way

Answer 7

In a study of 2000 adult participants 89.6% had a traumatic event
only 9.2% had PTSD so most people with traumatic experience don’t develop mental disorder

Question 8

Is this accurate

Answer 8

Adverse childhood experiences
Insurance company’s found ill health is related to traumatic childhood experiences

Question 9

Understanding mental illness

Answer 9

is it
genes
environment or interaction

Question 10

Personality disorders

Answer 10

individuals with personality disorders behave and think in way which is different from expected

Occur in adolescence or early adulthood
understanding is based on clinical diagnosis

Question 11

10 different personality in DSM-5 in three clusters

Answer 11

Cluster A: paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder
Cluster B : antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder
Cluster C: avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Question 12

Five factor correlates

Answer 12

Personality disorders can be explained with the dimensions of high neuroticism and low agreeableness
Extraversion related positively to histrionic personality disorder

Question 13

Gene-environment correlations

Answer 13

the combination of vulnerable genetics+ suboptimal parenting are tied together in a non-random way
this makes it hard to see if it is nature or nurture

Question 14

Biopsychosocial model of personality disorders

Answer 14

psychopathology emerges from multiple interaction between risk and protective factors
Biological, Psychological, social

Question 15

Survivor based criticisms `

Answer 15

Recover in the Bin, Mad pride, Hearing voices network
Highlight the importance of a social model of distress confusion
Negative impact of BPD diagnosis on treatment from healthcare professionals

Question 16

Misdiagnosis

Answer 16

many people report misdiagnosed neurodivergence
Pioneered through co-production and survivor research
Due to lack of comprehensive assessment clinician bias and lack of awareness around ND experiences

Question 17

Complex trauma

Answer 17

Other people point to the high incidences of trauma in people diagnosed with BPD