Intro to immunology

Question 1

What are the differentiation numbers for T cells? (4)

Answer 1

CD45+
CD3+
CD4+ or CD8+

Question 2

What do T cells express? (1)

Answer 2

TCR (T-cell receptor)

Question 3

What are the differentiation numbers for B cells? (2)

Answer 3

CD45+
CD19+

Question 4

What do B cells express? (1)

Answer 4

BCR (B-cell receptors)

Question 5

What are the differentiation numbers for macrophages? (3)

Answer 5

CD45+
CD14+
CD11b+

Question 6

What is an epitope? (1)

Answer 6

The bit of an antigen that a receptor recognises

Question 7

What does BCR recognise? (1)

Answer 7

Portions of whole proteins

Question 8

What does TCR recognise? (1)

Answer 8

Short portions of proteins presented to them on MHC

Question 9

How is receptor diversity created? (2)

Answer 9

Through shuffling genes - produces unique sequences in the TCR or BCR that binds the epitope

Question 10

What is thymic education and where does it occur? (3)

Answer 10

T cells are ‘tested’ to ensure that they do not recognise self antigens with too high an affinity

Occurs in the thymus

Question 11

What is central tolerance and where does it occur? (2)

Answer 11

B cells are ‘tested’ to ensure that they do not recognise self antigens with too high an affinity

Occurs in the bone marrow

Question 12

Where are T cells produced? (1)

Answer 12

Thymus

Question 13

Where are B cells produced? (1)

Answer 13

Bone marrow

Question 14

CD45 is expressed by which cells? (1)

Answer 14

By all haematopoetic cells, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase

Question 15

CD3 is expressed by which cells? (1)

Answer 15

All T cells

Question 16

CD19 is expressed by which cells? (1)

Answer 16

All B cells

Question 17

CD154 is expressed by which cells? (1)

Answer 17

By macrophages

Question 18

What is clonal deletion? (1)

Answer 18

Developing lymphocytes that are potentially self-reactive are removed before they can mature

Question 19

What is clonal expansion? (1)

Answer 19

Once a receptor has recognised its antigen it will divide to produce many identical progeny

Question 20

What are cytokines and what do they do? (3)

Answer 20

Proteins made by cells that affect the behaviour of other cells
Immune cell communication system.
Often dictates the direction of an immune response

Question 21

What are interleukins? (1)

Answer 21

Cytokines made by lymphocytes

Question 22

What are chemokines and what do they do? (3)

Answer 22

Small chemoattractant proteins

Stimulate the migration and activation of cells, especially phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

Organise immune cells into discrete compartments in lymphoid follicles

Question 23

How many types of chemokines are there? (1)

Answer 23

50 types

Question 24

How can you differentiate between T cells, B cells, and macrophages? (2)

Answer 24

By their differentiation numbers
Express different things on their surface so this allows to differentiate between them (CD number)

Question 25

How many signals are required to activate an immune response? (2)

Answer 25

At least two signals
Central and proliferate tolerance exists - prevents immune responses towards everything

Question 26

What is a naive cell? (1)

Answer 26

A cell that has not seen an antigen

Question 27

What is an activated cell? (1)

Answer 27

A cell that has seen an antigen

Question 28

What are germinal centres? (3)

Answer 28

Created following an infection

In lymph nodes

Collection of cells that organise themselves in such a way that B cells enter and plasma cells and memory cells leave

Question 29

What is a transgene? (1)

Answer 29

A mouse strain that is genetically altered by the insertion or deletion of a gene