DevPsych

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

A long-lasting, string bond typically relating to the connection between children and their caregivers. Important for survival because it keeps infants close to their mothers which allows them to access safety and comfort.

Question 2

Deprivation

Answer 2

A lack of contact, affection, and stimuli in the environment necessary for the development of the individual

Question 3

Gender identity

Answer 3

The gender a person identifies themselves as, a personal conception of oneself as male or female

Question 4

Gender roles

Answer 4

Behaviors, rights, duties, and obligations of being male or female. It is, therefore, a schema steering an individual towards a socially shrewd construction of gender expression

Question 5

Identity

Answer 5

An individual’s mental representation of who they are

Question 6

Trauma

Answer 6

An emotional wounds that damages the psychological well-being of the individual.

Question 7

Piaget and Inhelder(1956)

Answer 7

3 mountains task
Child viewed a model of 3 mountains then was asked to choose the photo that most closely matched a doll’s perspective
Before 7 years, children chose what they saw. After 7 years old, children understood the doll had a different perspective.

Question 8

Hazan and Shaver(1987)

Answer 8

Love Test
Asked participants(newspaper readers) MC questions about their parents’s relationship with each other and their child, and about their romantic relationships
Securely attached: more trusting, less likely to be divorced
Insecurely attached: relationships harder, fell in and out of love easier

Question 9

Characteristics of attachment

Answer 9

Proximity maintenance(closeness), safe haven(comfort and safety), secure base(can explore from), separation distress

Question 10

Aimsworth(1978)

Answer 10

Secure, insecure avoidant, insecure ambivalent attachment comes from
Secure–explores freely, upset when parent leaves and happy when parent returns
Avoidant–ignores mother, won’t explore, treats stranger like mother
Ambivalent–doesn’t explore, upset when parent leaves, can’t be calmed once parent leaves

Question 11

Harlow and Harlow(1962)

Answer 11

Rhesus monkeys prefered cloth surrogate mothers with no food to wire surrogate mothers with food

Question 12

Mahoney et al(2005)

Answer 12

Longitudinal study of urban disadvantaged students
Academics and motivation higher at the end of the school year for children in after school care compared with others

Question 13

Rutter et al(1998)

Answer 13

Romanian infants raised in Britain were physically completely caught up and mentally impressively(not completely) caught up with British infants after they were 4 yrs kld

Question 14

Middleton and Wood(1975)

Answer 14

4-year-olds building blocks into a difficult model, mothers there to give encouragement

Question 15

Piaget(theory)

Answer 15

Little scientists
Schema, disequilibrium, accomodation/assimilation
0-2 sensorimotor, 2-7 preoperational, 7-11 concrete operational, 11-💀 formal operational

Question 16

Vygotsky(theory)

Answer 16

“Little apprentice”
ZPD, MKO, scaffolding, language
pre-intellectual social speech, egocentric speech, internal speech

Question 17

Fagot(1985)

Answer 17

Observational study
13-14 months: no difference in sex behavior. adults attended to girls’ assertive behaviors less than to boys’. They attended more to girls’ less intense communication attempts and to boys’ more intense ones
11 months later: sex differences in behavior followed adults’ treatment

Question 18

Reiner and Gearhart (2004)

Answer 18

Studied 16 participants who had cloacal extrosphy(no penis). 14 of them went under SRS and were raised as girls. 2 of them did not and were raised as boys. The 2 that were raised as boys identified as boys throughout the study. 11 of the 14 participants raised as girls responded to the researchers that they were not girls.

Question 19

Martin and Fabes

Answer 19

They found that sex-segregation was very strong and moderately stable over time. The researchers also found support for traditional gender stereotypical behaviour, such as girls tending to be supportive and encouraging in their play and preferring to play indoors and near adults and engage in games which needed more verbal interactions. However the boys in the study tended to engage in games which resulted in dominance being established, involved rough-and-tumble play and were outside, away from adults.