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biology > Module 4 - Chapter 10 - Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Module 4 - Chapter 10 - Classification And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Define binomial system

A

Universal naming system taken from an organism’s “genus, species” eg. Homeo-sapien

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2
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy (7)

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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3
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus propose?

A

Came up with the 7 taxonomical hierarchy system
Arranged organisms into ‘taxa’
Used binomial nomenclature

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4
Q

What did Carl Woese do?

A

Came up with the 3 domain system above the Linnaean system
Eukaryotae, prokaryotae and archaea

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5
Q

Define autotrophic - what organisms are autotrophic?

A

Feed themselves - produce their own food
E.g. plants photosynthesise

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6
Q

Define heterotrophic - what organisms are heterotrophic?

A

Get food by eating other organisms
E.g. humans eat meat from animals and plants

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7
Q

Define saprotrophic - what organisms are saprotrophic?

A

Absorbs substances by excreting enzymes and digesting dead organisms
Fungi are saprotrophic

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8
Q

What is a chaemotroph

A

An organism that uses chemicals instead of sunlight to synthesise food

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9
Q

Define chortada

A

Vertebrates

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10
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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11
Q

What are analogous traits

A

Similar characteristics that occur because of environmental constraints, not due to close evolutionary relationships

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12
Q

Why is it difficult to classify organisms such as fungi

A

Because they have similar features to plants - immobile and hyphae that act as roots, but do not photosynthesise and are heterotrophic like animals / saprotrophic

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13
Q

Why did microscopes improve classification

A

When improved microscopes studied organisms, they were able to see sun-cellular structures and use chemical/ biological features to classify organisms instead of visible characteristics

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14
Q

Why is the binomial nomenclature useful?

A

Because Latin is universal so every scientist in the country will use the same name - avoids confusion

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15
Q

Define morphology

A

The observable/ visible features of an organism

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16
Q

What is artificial classification

A

Classification based off of morphology - physical, visible features.

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17
Q

What is a homologous trait

A

When organisms share a trait due to common ancestry

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18
Q

What are some features of prokaryotae

A

No nucleus, DNA orgnaised in circular DNA (plasmids) and nucleoids
Peptidoglycan cell wall
No membrane bound organelles

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19
Q

What features define protoctista

A

Many are mobile/ have flagella
Nearly all are autotrophs
Many are aquatic

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20
Q

Describe fungi

A

All are saprotrophic (and heterotrophic)
Chitin cell wall - amino polysaccharide
Non-vascular

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21
Q

What are the features of plantae

A

Cellulose cell walls, many are photosynthetic
Plants are multicellular

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22
Q

What defines animalia

A

Sexual reproduction
Advanced nervous system
During development, multicellular embryo is formed from the zygote
Vascular system and excretory system

23
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

24
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms that can breed together to produce viable/ fertile offspring

25
Q

What are the 5 categories that organisms of the same species are similar in

A

Appearance
Anatomy
Physiology
Biochemistry
Genetics

26
Q

Define pseudopodia

A

Temporary protrusion if the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding

27
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

When two unrelated species adapt in a similar way, therefore look similar

28
Q

Why does convergent evolution make observational classification hard?

A

Because completely unrelated species will look similar so people might classify them wrongly in the same group

29
Q

Why is it essential to use molecules such as DNA or Cytochrome C when classifying

A

Because all living organisms that respire must have cytochrome C but it’s different in all species. If the sequences are the same the species are closely related

30
Q

Why are molecules such as starch and amylase not used for classification

A

Because they have no sequence and amylase shows insufficient differences and isn’t ubiquitous - active site always stays the same
Humans don’t have the enzyme to break down starch (cellulase)

31
Q

Why did woese feel that the differences in RNA polymerase were so important?

A

Because he felt the differences between bacteria and archaea are more fundamental than archaea and eukaryotae therefore producing the 3 domain system

32
Q

Define phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between species

33
Q

What are the factors of artificial classification

A

Done for concenience, easier to remember
Based only on a few characteristics
Does not reflect any evolutionary relationships
Provides limited information
Is stable

34
Q

What are the factors of natural classification

A

Uses many characteristics
Reflects evolutionary relationships
Detailed study of the individuals in a species
Provides a lot of useful information
May change with advancing knowledge

35
Q

What are the advantages of phylogeny

A

Can be done without reference to the Linnaean system
Produces a continuous tree whereas classification requires distinct/ discrete taxonomical groups
The hierarchal nature of Linnaean system may be misleading - implies different groups with the same rank are equivalent and doesn’t show how long the species has been present for

36
Q

What are the 3 main sources of evidence for evolution

A

Palaeontology
Comparative anatomy
Comparative biochemistry

37
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

When animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks. sediment is deposited on watch to form layers, strata, which correspond to different geological areas

38
Q

Define fossil record

A

The ability to see the change in organisms gradually overtime

39
Q

What evidence has been gathered from the fossil record

A

Simple organisms found in older rocks and more complex organisms found in newer rocks - supports the theory that all organisms started off simple and evolved to become more complex

The sequence in which the organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other

Scientists can use anatomy to show how closely the organisms were related that evolved from a common ancestor

Allows relationships between extinct and extant (living) organisms to be investigated

40
Q

What are some cons of the fossil record

A

Not complete
Many organisms are soft-bodies and decompose before fossilisation
Conditions needed for fossils to form are not always present
Fossils destroyed by earths movements eg. Volcanoes

41
Q

what are some key facts about Darwin?

A

5 year trip on the HMS beagle - visited Galapagos islands - discovered unusual species
carried out observations on FINCHES - noticed variation between different islands - according to the food available on each island
1859 - published “the origin of species”

42
Q

what did Alfred Wallace do?

A

developed his own theory of natural selection which was published at the same time as Darwin
the two discussed their similarities but their ideas were developed independently
Wallace studied butterflies instead of finches
presented, joint with Darwin, to the Linnaean Society of London 1858

43
Q

why did Darwin’s theory split the scientific community?

A

Darwin’s theory conflicted the widely held Christian belief that “God created man”
the debate with religious groups continues today

44
Q

what are the characteristics of placental mammals

A

have a long gestation (pregnancy)
develop a placenta in pregnancy (for exchange of nutrients and waste)
young are born very well developed then receive milk

45
Q

what are the characteristics of marsupial mammals

A

found in Australia and the Americas
have a short gestation (pregnancy)
don’t develop a full placenta
born early
climb into their mother’s pouch to receive milk from a teat

46
Q

what evidence do we have for evolution

A

fossils
differences in DNA and RNA base sequences
molecular evidence - differences in biochemistry
current evolution - antibiotic/ pesticide resistance

47
Q

what did Darwin conclude from his studies

A
  1. there is a struggle for survival
  2. better adapted individuals survive and pass on their successful characteristics
  3. over time, the number of changes may give rise to a new species
    NB - no knowledge of chromosomes or DNA at this time
48
Q

describe the sequence of natural selection

A
  1. there is genetic variation within the population (mutations)
  2. a selection pressure creates competition for survival
  3. some individuals possess favourable alleles/ characteristics which means they are better adapted to the environment
  4. the individuals with the favourable alleles survive and reproduce
  5. repeated over many generations so the percentage of favourable alleles in the population increases
49
Q

what are some examples of selection pressures

A

antibiotics - for antibiotic resistance in bacteria
pesticides - for pesticide resistance in pets
availability/ type of food - Darwin’s finches
predators - camouflage/ behaviour
disease - disease resistance / survival
physical and chemical factors - light, temp, water availability

50
Q

what are the genetic causes of variation

A
  1. alleles - different alleles produce different effects - may inherit different alleles of a gene
  2. mutations - changes to the DNA sequence leads to changes in the proteins the genes code for
  3. meiosis - gametes undergo independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over
  4. sexual reproduction - offspring produced from 2 parents inherit characteristics from both parents
  5. chance - many different gametes are produced from the parental genome - individuals differ from siblings etc.
51
Q

What are neutral changes

A

Changes that do not effect a molecule’s function - occur at a regular weight

52
Q

What is divergent evolution

A

Describes how different species have evolved from a common ancestors, each with a different set of adaptive features

53
Q

What is comparative biochemistry

A

Study of proteins and other biological molecules that control life processes
Some important molecules are highly conserved among species
Slight changes help identify evolutionary links
Cytochrome C - protein in respiration
Ribosomal RNA

54
Q

Why is the 3 domain system used in preference to the 5 kingdom system?

A
  1. 3 domains fit phylogeny better
  2. There are many fundamental differences between bacteria and eukaryotes (other 4 kingdoms)
  3. there are many similarities between the four eukaryotic kingdoms
  4. There are many differences between bacteria and archaea

biology (14 decks)

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