Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Forensic Science > Forensics Final Flashcards > Flashcards

Forensics Final Flashcards

1
Q

Document

A

: Is something that contains marks,symbols,or signs that convey a meaning or a message to someone

Ex: Graffiti, Mona Lisa Painting(artwork in general), Classnotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Questioned document examiners

A

-identify handwriting, handprinting, signatures, forgeries, identify papers, inks, and writing implements, determined when a document was produced. They identify the individual who prepared the writing or signature on a questioned document

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Question Document:

A

Is a document who authenticity or age, or authorship is called into question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common and Uncommon Documents

A

Common type: involve handwriting/white collar crimes)

forgery is the most common (prescription fraud)

Uncommon: Graphology(Twilight zone) determine personality from handwritten; not recognized as science

=

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Surfaces and Medium:

A

Same type of writing surface and medium;(suspect writes sharpie on wall, have them use sharpie to write on a wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Uniqueness

A
  • Learned through copybook technique
  • 30 handwriting systems taught in the U.S
  • Writing Systems: Zaner Bloser or Palmer are most common(copybook system)
  • We were not given latitude

Uniqueness of Handwriting: (1) There must be an adequate # of known examples of an individuals writing so that the entire range of variation in the writing is captured. (2) the samples must contain enough individual characteristics to permit identification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
A

Exmpahsis no longer on letter form but legibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Evolution Maturity

A
  • 7 year cycle change to writing
  • Signature is the most stable item
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Factors that Change Handwriiting

A
  • Disease
  • Alcohol
  • Drugs
  • Surface area,medium
  • control of pen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Laws of Handwriting ID

A

Every handwriting is unique(no two signatures are the same
- Variation always exist in an individuals handwriting

Good handwriting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Standard Exemplars:

A

capture range of variation
- Good,average,and bad writing
- Car notes,class notes,lease,grocery list,passport,checks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dictated Exemplar:

A

Told what to write

  • To tire you out, tired of faking it; less likely to maintain disguise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Calcification:

A

teeth developing within gums(reliable determine age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eruption:

A

teeth cut through gums(not reliable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Probe:

A

identify where soil been disturbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Friction ridges:

A

on fingertips and palms, soles,and toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • Epidermis
A

top layer and sheds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dermis: blood

A

vessels,sweat glands,nerves,(none of this is in epidermis)(ex paper cut is dermis being penetrated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dermal papillae:

A

undulating surface on top of dermis under epidermis that lock. together; (creating friction ridges on fingers: for grip) unique to everyone Palms and soles of feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Questioned:

A

Don’t know whose it is(usally compared to those in a system already

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Known fingerprints:

A

Known fingerprints: recognizable finger prints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of Firearms

A

Handguns
- Pistols (AKA Semi-automatics)
- Revolver

Long Arms
- Rifles
- Shotguns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gunshot Residue(GSR)

A

Projectile
Flame
Soot
Burned Gunpowder
Unburned Gunpowder
Gas
Priming compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bullets on Bone

A

Beveling

*exists are larger than entrances; doe snot have exterior beveling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Distance Determination

A

Contact
Near Contact
Close
Distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Contact

A
  • Grease wipe
  • Abrasion Collar
  • Stellate tear
  • Cherry red wound tract
  • Gunpowder and soot inside wound
  • Muzzle impression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Near contact -

A

skin to 6 inches away.

-Singing and burning of skin, clothing and hair
-Tattooing/stippling
-Soot in a circumscribed area
- Abrasion collar
-Grease wipe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Close range

A

*shots between 6 - 24 inches.

  • Stippling/tattooing
  • Soot (at closer distances)
    Abrasion collar
    Grease wipe.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Far Distant

A

24 inches or more.*
- Abrasion collar
- Grease wipe
- No soot or stippling
- No cherry red wound tract
- No burning or singeing
- No soot or stippling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-grease wipes-

A

(dirt on projectile)(all 4
n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • cherry red wound :
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • Abrasion collar
A

friction burn around gunshot injuries)(all 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Gunpowder and soot:

A

gets propelled inside wound tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
  • Tattooing/stippling:
A

around gunshot wound tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Identifying Shotgun injuries

A

identify area w/ pellet spread
*can’t identify w/ slug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Shotgun injuries

A
  • Pellet injuries
  • Shot w/ slug cause major damage(especially self inflictedhead)
  • Shotguns are rarely fatal
  • Further away less lethal pellets; closer way more damage
  • Pellet hole=cookie cutter defect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Gunshot inuries to the bone

A
  • Bone, Glass, Lithics (conchoidal fracture)-
  • Radiating fractures:
  • Bullet hole and concentric fractures
  • Radiation fracture stops at preexisting fractures
  • Fractures terminationates at existing fractures
  • Can distinguish extrance from exist
  • Bullet on bone(Beveling)-exists are larger than entrances; does not have exterior beveling
  • Beveling/chattering- removal of bone fragments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

(conchoidal fracture)

A

Bones,glass,lithics

they break in a predictable fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Radiating fractures:

A

start at point of impact and radiate out
-fractures terminate at other fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

5 R Rule:

A

Ripples on radial cracks/ R at right angles to the rear

**Easier way: ripples on radial cracks / R at right angles the side opposite impact

  • Broken edge: you should see ripples/striations on radio cracks

**Ripples only touch one side of glass, not the other side; at right angles to the rear
- Glass is flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Trace Evidence:

A

anything that’s tiny(paint,dirt and glass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pharmacy fold:

A

contains little pieces of evidence (example eyelash,blood swap,wet condoms(paper will observe fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

*Majority of glass should be on inside if breaking ito a house(t/f)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Glass valuabilty

A
  • Hair
  • Fibers
  • Fingerprints
  • Footwear
  • Method of fracture:
  • Sequence of events
  • Direction of fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Method of fracture:

A

velocity of weapon that hit targer(high velocity=less cracking than low velocity)(ex: less damage caused by gun than baseball bat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Sequence of events:

A

radiating fractures terminate other radiating fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

filaments

A

wires that determine if headlights were on or off

straight= off/cold

stretched out/wavy= hot and on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

silencers(sound suppressor)

A
  • report wave
  • shock wave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Report Wave -

A

Gasses in contact with the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Shock Wave

A

– Projectile travelling faster than the speed of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Serial number restoration

A

Ultrasound
Magnaflux
Electrochemical Etching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Handwriting

A

surfaces that were writing on, median were writing with are the same; implementing and surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

t/f firing pin impressions are casings

A

True; cartridges don’t have this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

children have more bones than adults

A

true; (end of epiiphcies are not fused)

Last bone to fuse is called the MEDIAL aspect of the CLAVICAL

Age? At about age 22 or early 20s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Children determine age by generative changes

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Adults determine age upon degenerative

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Body wrap in fluid of decomp(blanket/sheet); increase vegational growth(provide nutrients for palnts

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Body wrap in shower curtain; decrease vegetational growth

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Yucca

A

historic African American cemeteries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Probe:

A

identify where soil been disturbed and feel for resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Auger

A

produce plugs of soil, evaluate plugs for mottling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Thermography:

A

method of heat detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Geochemical study/lipids:

A

look at soil for fats or proteins if a body had been at location and been move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Night vision:

A

enhances existing light(night vision requires heat source is false)

65
Q

Photograph UV:

A

enhance of injuries/tattoos, causes bones to flourecence

66
Q

Age of growth:

A

How long has a body been in an area?

67
Q

Coffin wood:

A

will cause degradation to the bone and cause coffin wear

68
Q

When grave is excavated and backfill, mixing if soils(mottling)

A

true

(not as compact more air rated)

69
Q

*Ground Penetrationg radar(GPR):

A

send and receiving attenae disruption is map shows up as blips

70
Q

Bone are pourus

A

true; : can absorb coffin wood

71
Q

Native American burials are often flex/bundled(fetal position) remains and or covered in occur
Under mounds or rock pile, scaffle burials

A

true

72
Q

Can determine age based upon calcification not eruption

A

true

73
Q

Excavate a grave:

A

according to the boundaries that were established by the perpetrator
We can do this bc we know disturbed soil will peel away from undisturbed soil

74
Q

Tree ring dating

A

on an archeological site

75
Q

Branch ring dating

A

on vegetation that is growing through other types of remains

76
Q

5 primary layers of soil

A

: silt (organic material), subsoil,
clay,
gravel,
and bedrock

77
Q

Scent detectors

A

develop to produce sensors that will detect methane.
**Used in the Kasey Anthony case

78
Q

Shrial pin staining:

A

will cause green staining on the side of the cranium or elbows

79
Q

Intentional cranial deformation affects cognitive abilities

A

false

**commonly practice in American southwest by natives

80
Q

True or false: Cremation will render bones to dust?

A

False

81
Q

Cameras and scopes:

A

can thread into graves or suspicious los to see if there is anything submerged

82
Q

night vision requires heat source

A

false

83
Q

Finger Print pattern

A

loops(1 core,1 delta) 65%
whirls(1 core 2 delta) 30 %
arches- (0 core,0 delta) 5%

84
Q

Ridge count:

A

number of ridges between core and delta is ridge count(ex: 16 ridges count at crime scene eliminates those who don’t have 16 to narrow it down)

85
Q

Type lines

A

(the area surrounding the fingerprint pattern)

86
Q

DO type lines contain individual characteristics

A

true

87
Q

Cases will go to court if there are 8 corresponding individual characteristics.

A

true

88
Q

Automated Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) makes fingerprint hit?

A

False
People make fingerprint hits

89
Q

Animals: primates, particular chimps, have fingerprints that are indistinguishable from humans.

A

True

90
Q

Latent

A

:Invisible to the naked eye (before the ap of chemicals or powders)

*magnetic powder

91
Q

Patent:

A

visible buy use pateterns to make them look better

*8black carbon powder

92
Q

Plastic:

A

3-D (fingerprint imprinted in paint, putty, or gum)

93
Q

toolmarks

A

take hard substance and press into soft substance(ex: bite mark, hammer in wall,seerial # restoration

94
Q

Firearm examiners are ballistic

A

false

95
Q

Ballistic:

A

the study of a projectile in flight.

*** Firearm examiners can care less about what it does in the air. They care about what it does to the target (Interaction of the projectile with the target).

96
Q

Firearm and Toolmark examiners are responsible for the restoration of serial #’s, electronic or engine blocks.

A

true

97
Q

muzzles are important in self inflicted gunshot wounds

A

true

98
Q

Revolver doesn’t leave evidence behind

A

true
have to manually dump it

99
Q

(1) revolvers are less likely to jam than semiauto b/c they contain less moving parts. (

A

true

100
Q

(3) it takes slower to reload ammo in a revolver than in an semiauto (unless you use a speed-loader).

A

true

101
Q

4) revolvers do not expend firing casings as semiautos, must be done manually

A

true

102
Q

. (5) more gsr will be deposited on the shooters hands from revolver

A

true

103
Q

Anatomy of revolver:

A

**Grip, muzzle (becomes important w/contact gunshot wounds like suicides),

Barrel & cylinder (can be rifled, spiral pattern will be cut into it), trigger/hammer is hidden by a slide in the semiauto i.e the firing pin causes primer to ignite

104
Q

shotgun guns are rifled

A

false

105
Q

Pistols:

A

cases get ejected, load ammo into magazine,

  • 13 shots can held by pistol in chamber

**Will leave evidence behind at a crime scene
Because semi autos will automatically expel that cartridge casing

106
Q

A semiautomatic, automatically discharges or expends cartridges

A

False, it expends casings

107
Q

Anatomy of ammo

A
  • Projectile
  • Gun powder
  • casing
  • primer
108
Q

GSR must be conducted 2 hours after shooting

A

true; will be inconclusive after 2hr mark(worse evidence)

109
Q

Primer

A

3 elements only found in primers(percussion sensitive)

  • barium
  • antimony
  • lead
110
Q

GSR(Gunshot residue) is only in priming compounds

A

true

111
Q

Class characteristics of projectile

A
  • All military ammo must be jacketed
  • Type of jacketing
  • Caliber
  • Shape
  • Rifled projectile ten to triangle, handgun projectile dome shape
  • Manufacturing
  • Location of primer: most ammo has primer in middle, but can be around edges
112
Q

Inconclusive:

A

Is indicated when there is “some agreement” of individual characteristics and all discernible class characteristics, but insufficient for an identification.

113
Q

casing = firing pin impression

A

true;

114
Q
  • Jacketing:
A

something put over lead core of projectile

  • keeps thee bullet together because lead is soft

**military ammo is jacketed*

115
Q

individual characteristics of projectile

A
  • Landing grove impressions: scatches sene on jacketing or lead core, scratches come from spiral pattern. (rifling)
  • Rifles And handguns are rifled
  • Shotguns not rifled
116
Q

Landing grove impressions:

A

scatches sene on jacketing or lead core, scratches come from spiral pattern. (rifling)

117
Q

t/f: shotguns will have landing groove impression

A

false, landing roove= rifling

118
Q

Shotguns
- shotguns can shoot slugs and pellets

A
119
Q
  • shotguns shells have primer
A

true

120
Q

class characteristics of casings

A
  • Caliber
  • Length
  • Manufacturer
  • Base stamp info
  • Metal
  • Shape of nose/neck
121
Q

Individual characteristics of casing(4)

A
  • Firing pin impression(dimple in primer)(all)
  • Breach impression(base striations)(all)

*Two are unique to pistols
- Extractor marks(fingers that grap catridge and move magazine upstairs to firing chamber)

  • Injector mark: hooks in base of casing, and comes in firing chamber flips it out
122
Q

Extractor marks

A

**pistol
(fingers that grap catridge and move magazine upstairs to firing chamber)

123
Q
  • Injector mark:
A

hooks in base of casing, and comes in firing chamber flips it out

124
Q

Breech impression:

A

is the “dimple” impression, that is right in the middle of the primer. As the firing pin strikes the back of the cartridge, there’s a momentary reverse recoil. Entire base gets marked which are unique to that particular weapon

125
Q

Projectile

A

slug or pellet

126
Q

True or false? Shotgun slugs will have land & groove impressions? The answer is

A

False because shot guns aren’t rifled and land & groove impressions comes from rifling

127
Q

True or False? Shotgun shell have a primer?

A

True

128
Q

What ammo does shotguns shoot

A

slugs and pellets

129
Q

Rifling:

A

Barrel-has a spiral pattern. To make more accurate in flight. Has absolutely nothing to do w/rifling

130
Q

Gun Anatomy:
-Barrel (All)
-Trigger (All)
-Grip(All)
-Muzzle(All)
-Sight (All)
- -Hammer(All)
-Firing Pin(All)

Except:
-Magazine and slide(Pistol)
-Revolver(cylinder)

A
131
Q

GSR comes from the breaks on the top of the revolver

A

true

132
Q

Cartridge anatomy

A
  • Projectile
    -Gunpowder
  • casing
  • primer
133
Q

If you have a cartridge, you hould not have a firing pin impression

A

true

134
Q

Things that causes the projectile to be messed up in the weapon?

A
  1. Misfire
  2. ## Reloaded that casing into a new cartridge
135
Q

cartridges have firing pin impression

A

false;

  • Casing have firing pin impressions
    ***Cartridges are not fired
136
Q

Snake shots

A

-sooto shotgun shell or .22 caliber

137
Q

Spiral pattern- t

A

hat cuts through the barrel of the weapon

138
Q

what comes out muzzle

A
  1. Soot-ash
  2. Flame
  3. Burn and unburned
  4. Projectile
  5. Projectile
  6. Gases-Co (Primary)
  7. Barium, Antimony, Lead: used for GSR Testing
  8. Flakes of gunpowder
139
Q

Projectile has no Forensic evidence

A

true

140
Q

rifling impression

A
  • Spin on projectile, enables you to predict where it will end up on projectile
  • As projectile travels down the barrel it creates land and groove impressions
    Land- high spots
  • Groove-low impressions
  • Creates an etching and becomes a series of strations
141
Q

Full metal jacket(FMJ)

A

preserves landing groove impressions

Holds projectile together

142
Q
A
143
Q

Geneva Convention-In times of war all ammo has to be fully jacketed.

A

true

144
Q

Semi-jacket:

A

lead peaking through

145
Q

Unjacketed:

A

coat projectile wears-no jacket

Cop killer” is teflon jacketed will reflect on a bullet proof vest

146
Q

Fragment might can kill you if it hits you in the right spot

A

true

147
Q

In terms of forensic, it be harder to recover unjacketed rounds and will be reduced

A

true

148
Q

It will be impossible to trace land & groove off of unjacketed projectile

A

false(no)

149
Q

-Abrasion collar:

A

encircles the bullet hole. Is friction burn caused by the skin being stretched and abraded by the passing projectile

150
Q

-Stippling of the skin:

A

may occur from burned or unburned particles of gunpowder being forced into the skin

151
Q

-Stingeing of the skin or clothes:

A

this is due to muzzle flash or soot around the entry wound. May be deposited inside (as opposed to around) the wound tract.

152
Q

Muzzle of the weapon:

A

may be represented as a contusion around the entry wound

**The wound tract may be cherry red in color due to expulsion of CO

153
Q

-Stellate tear:

A

when flames goes inside bullet hole.

**Pressed up against surface (gases has no where to go, there’s bloating of the skin, the skin is stretched to capacity, causes serious of tears)

**msotly sene in heads, not seen in collar bones

154
Q

Wound Pattern Analysis:

A
  • Slug-major damage
  • Self-inflicted- catastrophic damage
  • Pellets- rarely lethal
155
Q

13ft: huge hole (cookie cutter defect)
30ft: pellet spread
10 yards-circle becomes closer
w/distance: they continue to spre

A
156
Q

Radiating fractures:

A
  • Terminate at preexisting fractures
  • Start at point of impact & radiate out
157
Q

Concentric fractures:

A
  • Fractures will form a circular marks around the point of impact
  • Original fracture that doesn’t radiate

-determine the side that it was hit on

158
Q

Headshot wounds

A
  • 1st shot will be an entrance wound
  • 2nd shot will be an exiting (will have exterior beveling)
  • 3rd another entrance wound
  • 4th will be an exiting wound (will have exterior beveling and a larger exit wound)
159
Q

Collection

A
  • Forceps(tweezers
  • Vacuums: sometimes may vacuum body
  • Tape: tape has stickiness of posted note and stick it and pull it(headrest of vehicle,clothing, skin (like a lint roller)

Intro to Forensic Science (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions