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visual art > BIG CRAM FOR ART HISTORY > Flashcards

BIG CRAM FOR ART HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

Media

A

the plural of medium.It is the material the srtist uses to make/ create/ communciate their idea

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2
Q

Process

A

how the artist creates their art

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3
Q

technique

A

the range of ways an artist uses and explores their chosen media

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4
Q

what is a curator

A

a professional who manages the artwork or artfacts in a muesumn or art gallerys collection

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5
Q

name three functions of a curator in a public art gallery or muesum

A

put together public exhibitions
acqiring new items, applying for funding for exhibitions.
selecting worls for exhibitions

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6
Q

what is the perminant collection in a gallery or muesum

A

it consists of the objects or pieces of art that are collected and owed by a muesum

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7
Q

name on artwork in the perment collection in NGI

A

the taking of christ - caravaggio

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8
Q

what is a commercial gallery

A

a privately owned commercial gallery, where people go to buy artworks by contempoary artists and the gallery takes a percentage comission from the artist

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9
Q

what period preceded the baroque

A

renaissance

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10
Q

name the period that bridged the reaissance and the baroque

A

mannerism

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11
Q

when was ther baroque

A

1600- 1700

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12
Q

what was the orgin of the term baroque

A

orginally used as a insult, meaning, irregular, barocco - to describe pearls of odd shapes

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13
Q

why was baroque given its name and by who?

A

art produced during this period was considered too lively and exuberant by Neo-Classicists of the 18/19th cent and was looked at with distaste

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14
Q

what does the twrm, context mean in relation to visual art

A

the circumstances arounf which the work was created

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15
Q

what is meant by the term patronage in art?

A

the support that the monarcy, the catholic church and the wealthy have provided to artists.

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16
Q

who was the main patron during the baroque period

A

catholic church

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17
Q

what was the reformation

A

major movement within western christianity in the 16th century europq and posed a religious and political threat to the catholic church

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18
Q

who lead the reformation?

A

martin luther

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19
Q

what did the catholic church establlish in response to the reformation?

A

conter reformation established the council of trent

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20
Q

what impact did the council of trent have on the impact of the art required by the church?

A

they wanted to ensure that art communciated the stories of the bible effectively and clearly

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21
Q

what city became central of the development of the baroque style? Why?

A

rome, catholic churches mulitplied and were decorated in a new and confident style, particularly in rome.

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22
Q

was the baroque limited to this particular country?

A

no, the baroque is an international style

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23
Q

what kind of subject matter became popular with baroque artists in Italy?

Why?

A

dramatic and highly emotional, artists oftem choose to potray the most dramatoc moments from bible stories.
the requirments of art was that they wanted images that would evoke emotion in the ordinary people and draw them back to the catholic church.

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24
Q

composition

decribe the innovations and inventorions in the following AEDP that were introduced by baroque artists in italy

A

complex and energetic composotions (less calm and symetrical) Figures arranged close to the picture plane to compell viewers to actively partake in a baroque work

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25
Q

light and shade

decribe the innovations and inventorions in the following AEDP that were introduced by baroque artists in italy

A

richer and odten more dramatic contrasts of light and shade using charascuro and tenebrism

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26
Q

colour

decribe the innovations and inventorions in the following AEDP that were introduced by baroque artists in italy

A

radient and glowing

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27
Q

describe the three main areas of practice that combine to make the baroque artstyle a powerful visual and emotional expeirence

A

painting, sculpture and architecture.
the effect of a baroque work is immediate and can be fully apperciated through the three arts of painting, sculpture and architecture which created a powerful effect

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28
Q

contrats the pieta with the crucifixion of st peter.
stating:
the artists, the composition

A

The Pieta
renaissance, michealango
stillla and calm composition within a isoceles triangle

The crucification of st peter
baroque , caravggio
disturbing, X shaped composition filled with movement and capturing the physicality of violence

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29
Q

contrats david with david
stating:
the artists, the composition

A

David - renaissance , michelangeo
calm and controlled composition- symmetrical

David - baroque, bernini
composition creates a explosion of energy, movement and physicality

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30
Q

Whats happing in this biblical scene?

the taking of christ, caravaggio

A

showing the betray of judas and the capture of jesus christ by soilders

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31
Q

decribe the composition

the taking of christ, caravaggio

A

intense scene of chaos shown by the overcrowded composition. the figures are uncomfortabely close to the picture plane. asymetrically balanced and being pushed to the left. emphasising jesus vulunerability

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32
Q

explain the term earthy realism and the name the artists most associated with it

A

earthy realism is caravaggios intention to copy nature faithfully whether we think it ugly or beautiful of ugly. used by caravaggio. He refused to idealise his figures

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33
Q

give an example of earthy realism in the taking of christ, caravaggio

A

this unapologetic violent scene the brutal atomsphere

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34
Q

what is the term used to describe caravaggios extreme contrasts of light and shade

A

tenebrism

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35
Q

explain the term caraggisti

A

artists who painted in caravaggios dinstinct style are known as caravaggisti

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36
Q

in what way did holland differer from italy during the baroque period

A

italy’s baroque was fueled by the catholic church and its desire for emotionally religious painting, while in holland, it ws fueled by a economic boom due to increased trade

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37
Q

who became the new patrons in holland at this time

A

a new wealthy, merchant middle class who enjoyed collecting art formed the economic boom in holland, which meant anyone could buy art. a phenomenal democrasition of art

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38
Q

name 4 types of subject matter that became popular

A

Genre - ordinary people doing everyday things
still life. Celebrated the new wealth.
landscapes, cityscapes and seascapes. Showed apperciation of dutch land. Portraits of middles class - preserve their likeness.
large group portraits - promote specific organisation

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39
Q

what does the term genre mean?

A

scenes of ordinary people doing everyday things, often showing city scenes and domestic scenes

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40
Q

when was holland at the peak of its global economic power?

A

17th century

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41
Q

what is the three main innovations and inventions that rembrandt is known for?

A

Impasto - thick layers of paint applied onto the canvus
compositions - arranged his figures close to the picture plane in a shallow space
chiarscuro - dramatic contrasts of light and dark using shade

42
Q

did rembrandt limit his range of areas of practice

A

no- he was a draughtsman a painter and printmaker.

43
Q

did rembrant limit his range of subject matter and why was it usual at the time

A

he did not limit his range of subject matter and painted a varity of differnt subject matter, unlike most artists at the time who only specilised in one paticular subject matter

44
Q

what city did rembrandt work in primilary and why

A

amsterdam, it became one of the most wealthest citys in europe as it was an international trade centre

45
Q

what subject matter did he become sought after for?

A

portraits

46
Q

did he travel to other countries?

A

no

47
Q

how would he have seen the work of other artists?

A

amsterdam became a major art trade centre and he would have seen highly accourate depictions of other artists work

48
Q

when was this painted

The anatomy lesson or Dr Tulp

A

1632

49
Q

list three ways we can see the influence of caravaggio if this work in rembrandt’s early work style

The anatomy lesson or Dr Tulp

A

carefully blended brushstrokes to not disturb the illusion of naturalism
chiarscuro- rembrandt relied on more tonal contrats
compostitions- arranged in a shallow space close to the picture plane

50
Q

what age was rembrant when he painted this work?

The anatomy lesson or Dr Tulp

A

26

51
Q

who was it painted for?

The anatomy lesson or Dr Tulp

A

the amsterdams surgeons guild

52
Q

who are the figures featured

The anatomy lesson or Dr Tulp

A

dr tulp- medical professor at the surgeons guils. teaching a lesson on anatomy . seven other of his collagues surround him. Dr tulp is the only person wearing a hat

53
Q

why would this scene not been painted in italy at this time

The anatomy lesson or Dr Tulp

A

italy was largely catholic, catholic tradition necessitated that their bodies must be buried in a state of wholeness. Holland was largely protestant calvinists

54
Q

In what way was it innovative and inventive in terms of composition in comparason with other groups at this time in holland

The anatomy lesson or Dr Tulp

A

the asymetricall composition gives the painting movement and egergy. Dr tulp is the focal point as he is the only person wearing a hat. All of the other people look in different directions and are estabilished individuals but work together as a unified group. The white collars add intresting implies lines. The figure are crowded into the frount of the canvus, compelling the viwer to take part in the scene

55
Q

What type of subject matter is this artwork

the milkmaid

A

genre

56
Q

describe vermeer’s use of the following AEDP in this work

the milkmaid

A

the calm and asymetrically composition gives a sense of peace and tranquility in this comfy domestic scene. carefully structured and arranged using linear prspective to create depth and space and carries our eyes around the painting

57
Q

colour

the milkmaid

A

in midts of calm passive yellows and beige we see vermeers choice of ultramarine blue used freely on the cloth around the maids waist and as a base

58
Q

light

the milkmaid

A

he is known for masterful techniquw of light, flodding his interiour scenes with cool, crisp northen european daylight from a window, illumating the tinest details.

59
Q

what term is used to describe his highlighting technique and what does it do

A

pointile, the use of his sparkling highlights to add a magical quality

60
Q

what city did vermeer work in

A

delft

61
Q

was vermeer a prolific artist? how many artworks are attributed to him?

A

no, 36 works

62
Q

colour and materials, name the pigment he used liberally

A

ultramarine blue

63
Q

where did ultamarine blue come from?

A

lapis lazuli mined in afganstan

64
Q

why might vermeer have access to this pigment

A

holland had acess to many exotic goods due to the dutch east india company

65
Q

what period preceded the neolithic period?

A

mesolithic period

66
Q

when was the neolithic period

A

4000-2000

67
Q

what was the origin of the term neolithic

A

comes from the greek language
neo - new
lith - stone

68
Q

in what way did the neolithic people differ from their predecessors?

A

new farming techniques began to emergy as the people settled in communties and this enabled them to think beyound survival, allowed for time for creativity by building momentents to their dead.

69
Q

what tools did the neolithic people develop

A

mainly stone toola, flint could be sharpned and it acted as a sharp blade for carving and hunting

70
Q

name the 4 types of eolithic tombs and give an example and location of each

A

portal dolmains - burren, co claire
wedge tombs - glennisheen, the burren, co claire
court caines - creeykeel, co sligo
passage tombs, newgrange, boyne valley,meath

71
Q

what is a passage tomb/ grave

A

a corridor composed of massive vertial stones slabs callled orthostats on bothsides, wchich would have been covered by stone slabs and covered in an an artifical cairn

72
Q

name and give the location of irelands best preserved passage tomb

A

newgrange- boyne valley, bru na boinne, co meath

73
Q

when does newgrange date

A

3200BC

74
Q

where is bru na boinne

A

50 km from dublin, bend in the river boyne

75
Q

name the river near newgrange

A

river boyne

76
Q

why would the neolithic people have settle and thrived here?

A

as a emerging farming socirty, water would have been essential for farming, the river boyne offered communciation, transport and trade, also as a freshwater source and food source

77
Q

what was the main function of nregrange

A

saftely store the remains of their dead in stone basins in the deep recesses of the chamber.

78
Q

Name other possible functions of newgrange

A

celbrations, to worship pagan gods, ritualisic events, calander, dinstinct solar enlighment.

79
Q

what was the significance and function of the roof box?

A

during the moring of the winter solistice the sun would shine into the chamber , lighting up the designs of the chamber

80
Q

why did the neolithic people design the roof box

A

newgrange woulf have been used as a calander, this could have signified the start of spring. The neolithic poeple could have also worshipped the sun and its life giving powers, also they would have been relient of the sun and its life giving powers

81
Q

when was the roof box discovered during modern times

A

1963

82
Q

how long does the illumination last for

A

17mins

83
Q

highest external point of newgrange

A

11m

84
Q

highest internal point

A

6m

85
Q

diameter

A

80 m

86
Q

number and function of kerbstones

A

97, helped contain and stabilise the cairn of stones

87
Q

lenght of passage

A

19m

88
Q

shape of inner chamber

A

crisiform chamber, three recesses

89
Q

how many orthostats line the passage

A

21 RHS, 22LHS 43 total

90
Q

what does the triple sprial symbolise

A

cycle of birth, life and death.

91
Q

where in newgrange is the corbel vault located

A

roof of the chamber

92
Q

describe the designs/ motifis

A

concentric circles
sprials
triple sprial
arcs
chevrons
triangles
lonzenges
serptine forms/ waves
radials

93
Q

how were the designs made

A

drawn freehand, carved into the surface smooth greywackle boulders

94
Q

what could the symbols possibly represent

A

ancient form of language- names of those within
map/ chart of landscapes or starts
represent dreams or hallucinations

95
Q

why do we feel the smbols were of major significance

A

it would have taken then a lot of skill and effor to carve these designs

96
Q

what the deep carving techniques called

A

chip carving / pick dressing

97
Q

what technique was used for the shallow motifs made?

A

Incision

98
Q

what was used to carve the motitifs

A

sharpned flint drivien in by a heavier hammer/ stone

99
Q

how were the stones brough to newgrange

A

sea- ship
land- transported via logrolling

100
Q

name the architect involved in the discovery and resotation od newgrange in the 1960

A

micheal o kelly

visual art (9 decks)

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