16

Question 1

review the steps of glycolysis

Answer 1

…

Question 2

review gibbs free energy

Answer 2

…

Question 3

what three reactions have large change in free energy? in glycolysis

Answer 3

glucose + atp -> glucose + adp
fructose + atp -> fructose + adp
phosphoenolpyruvate + adp -> pyruvate + atp

Question 4

three big reactions of glycolysis are _____ and their enzymes are _____

Answer 4

irreversible
regulated

Question 5

change in free energy for all other steps of glycolysis other than the three major ones are close to ____ and these reactions are largely _____

Answer 5

zero
reversible

Question 6

glycolytic pathway resembles a series of _____ connected by __

Answer 6

resevoirs (metabolic pool)
dams

Question 7

the irreversible ‘dams’ are irreversible ________ and are _______ of the pathway which _______ glycolysis

Answer 7

reactions
points of regulation
control

Question 8

______ is the main regulatory enzyme in glycolysis

Answer 8

phosphofructokinase (1 and 2)

Question 9

allosteric regulation

Answer 9

common mechanism
upstream or downstream metabolites from same or different pathway
general metabolic indicators
allosteric - another side

Question 10

hexokinase is inhibited by ___

Answer 10

its own product

Question 11

product inhibition is a form of ____

Answer 11

feedback inhibition

Question 12

phosphofructokinase 1 and 2 is an ____

Answer 12

allosteric enzyme - regulated by allosteric effectors

Question 13

when citrate accumulates, there is no need to produce further ____

Answer 13

ATP

Question 14

ATP build up indicates no need for more ____ - therefore there is PFK-1 ____-

Answer 14

energy
inhibition

Question 15

sufficient ATP levels mean glycolysis is ____

Answer 15

deactivated

Question 16

sufficient ATP levels mean glycolysis is ____

Answer 16

deactivated

Question 17

Low ATP/AMP ratio indicates energy is ______ - therefore PFK-1 _______

Answer 17

needed
activation

Question 18

when ATP is needed, glycolysis is _____

Answer 18

stimulated

Question 19

high levels of citrate are _____ of PFK-1: biosyntehtic precursors are ____ and therefore further consumption of ___ is not needed

Answer 19

inhibitory
abundant
glucose

Question 20

______ is the most important activator for PFK-1 in eukaryotes, controls glycolysis in liver

Answer 20

fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Question 21

High H+ concentration also ____ PFK-1: pH falls when muscles work ____, and therefore glycolysis ______ prevents accumulation of lactic acid

Answer 21

Inhibits
Anaerobicaly
Inhibition

Question 22

When pyruvate and ATP get produced, which acts as an inhibitor?

Answer 22

ATP

Question 23

Can enzymes change their activity if they are phosphorylated or not?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

Which is form of pyruvate kinase is more active? Phosphorylated, or dephosphorylated?

Answer 24

Dephosphorylated

Question 25

Under aerobic conditions, what happens to pyruvate?

Answer 25

Oxidized to acetyl CoA - citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Question 26

Under anaerobic conditions, what happens to pyruvate? (2)

Answer 26

Converted to ethanol (microorganisms, fermentation) Converted to lactate (muscles, RBC)

Question 27

Pyruvate decarboxylation involves what important reaction?

Answer 27

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 28

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a large molecule with ____ enzymes

Answer 28

Three

Question 29

How many copies of E1, E2, and E3 are there in pyruvate decarboxylation?

Answer 29

24, 24, 12 respectively (60 total subunits)

Question 30

In eukaryotes, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is located in the _____

Answer 30

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 31

In eukaryotes, pyruvate translocase is located in the ____

Answer 31

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 32

Molecules that transport in the same direction are called

Answer 32

Symporter