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Microbiology & Immunology > 16-17 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

16-17 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

The defences of the innate immune system can be divided into 3 categories…

A
  • Barriers
  • Cellular defences
  • Molecular (humoral) defences
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2
Q

Name 4 chemical and physical barriers the body has against pathogens…

A
  • Skin - Mucus membranes - Lysozyme - Stomach acid
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3
Q

Other than providing a physical barrier, name two other features of the skin that protect against pathogens…

A
  • Fatty acids - Comensural bacteria
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4
Q

What is a PRR and where can they be found?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are found on host cells

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5
Q

Name the 3 main types of PRR…

A
  1. Toll-like Receptors 2. NOD-like Receptors 3. RIG-I helicase
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6
Q

PAMP stands for…

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern 🚩

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7
Q

On which types of host cell are PRRs present?

A
  • Macrophages - Neutrophils - Dendritic cells
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8
Q

Haematopoeisis is the…

A

Formation of blood cells

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9
Q

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells divide to form two separate cell lineages. These are the…

A
  • Myeloid lineage - Lymphoid lineage
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10
Q

Name 5 innate immune cells derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells…

A
  • Lymphocytes (B, T and NK) - Monocytes - Eosinophils - Basophils - Dendritic cells
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11
Q

Name the 4 cell types derived from the commmon myeloid progenator cells…

A
  • Megakaryocytes (-> thrombocytes) - Erythrocytes - Mast cells - Myeloblasts
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12
Q

Name the 4 cell types derived from myeloblast cells…

A
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes (-> macrophages)
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13
Q

Which 2 types of immune cell engage in phagocytosis?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
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14
Q

Problems with phagocytes are generally discovered:

a) Later in life
b) Prenatally
c) Early in life
d) They are generally not discovered

A

Problems with phagocytes are generally discovered:

a) Later in life
b) Prenatally

c) Early in life

d) They are generally not discovered

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15
Q

Where are neutrophils found in highest abundance?

A

At sites of high inflammation

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16
Q

Name 3 properties of neutrophils…

A
  • Short-lived
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • Most common phagocyte cell in circulation
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17
Q

________ in the blood become _________ after entering the tissues.

A

Monocytes in the blood become macrophages after entering the tissues.

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18
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes (e.g. monocytes, Kuppfer cells and alveolar macrophages) are (longer / shorter) lived than neutrophils

A

Longer

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19
Q

Outline the 5 step process of phagocytosis…

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Fusion
  4. Killing
  5. Release of digested products
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20
Q

Phagocytes kill pathogens in a variety of ways. This includes…

A
  • Acidic pH
  • Antimicrobial peptides such as defensins
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Reactive oxygen species
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21
Q

Oxygen-dependent killing of pathogens by phagocytes relies on a process known as ________ in which NADPH generates _________ which kill bacteria.

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A

Oxygen-dependent killing of pathogens by phagocytes relies on a process known as hexose monophosphate shunt in which NADPH generates reactive intermediate oxygen species which kill bacteria.

22
Q

Other than phagocytosis, name 3 functions of macrophages…

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A
  • Activation
  • Secretion of cytokines
  • Antigen presentation
23
Q

Extracellular killing is conducted by which two cells?

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A
  • NK cells
  • Eosinophils
24
Q

Which cell type would be responsible for killing an antibody-coated helminth?

25
Natural killer cells are part of which branch of the immune system, innate or adaptive?
Innate (they lack antigen specificity)
26
Natural Killer cells help control infections until adaptive immunity can take over by releasing what substance?
Interferon Gamma (IFNγ) cytokines
27
Granzyme and perforin are lytic enzymes found in...
Natural Killer cells
28
Natural killer cells attack which types of cell?
Virally infected (and some tumor cells)
29
Cytokines link the...
Innate and adaptive immune responses
30
Cytokines may stimulate or inhibit which 3 processes in cells?
Activity, proliferation and differentiation
31
Interfereons, lymphokines, interleukins and chemokines are all subgroups of...
Cytokine
32
Cytokines can be divided into 3 categories based on their functions...
* Mediators and regulators of innate immunity * Mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity * Stimulators of haematopoesis
33
Name 4 key cytokines...
* IL2 (interleukin-2) * IL1 (interleukin-1) * TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) * Interferons
34
Macrophages can secrete cytokines. Name 3 effects of these cytokines...
* Inflammation * Fever * Acute-phase response
35
Excessive cytokine release in a gram negative bacterial infection may lead to...
Endotoxic shock (caused by uncontrolled release of TNFα by macrophage)
36
Where are blood cells made?
Bone marrow
37
The balance between microbial symbiosis and dysbiosis in the body is influenced by (3)...
* Diet and lifestyle * Medicines and hygeine * Genetics
38
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ The majority of inflammation in Crohn's disease is found where (and why)?
On the boundary of the cecum/illeum, as this is where the most bacteria are found
39
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ Crohn's disease is an innapropriate response of the immune system to...
Gut microbiota
40
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ Genetic succeptability to Crohn's is caused by a mutation affecting the...
NOD 2 receptors (Sub-type of NOD-like PRR receptors)
41
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ In normal function, what binds to **NOD2 receptors**, triggering releasing of **defensins** from gut epitheleal cells?
**Muramyl dipeptide**
42
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ Release of **defensins** from gut epitheleal cells helps to maintain homeostasis and prevent...
Overgrowth of gut bacteria (dysbiosis)
43
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ Outline the cause of inflammation in Crohn's disease...
* Disfunctional NOD2 receptor means defensins are not released to control bacterial numbers * Bacterial overgrowth occurs * Damage to the epitheleal barrier leads to cytokine release * Cytokines trigger inflammation
44
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterised by which 3 things?
* Synovitis * Inflammation * Auto-antibodies
45
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ In mouse models which bacteria was found to cause development of arthritis?
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB)
46
_Innate defences in the gastrointestinal system_ In the mouse model of autoimmune arthritis, **SFB** leads to an increase in which cell type, with what notable effect?
Increase in **TH17 cells** leads to increased **IL-17** synthesis leading to increased **inflammation**
47
Despite traditionally being seen as a sterile environment, sequencing has shown the presence of commensural bacteria in the urinary tract. They are mostly which genus?
bacillus
48
UTIs are the 2nd most common infection in the world. They are most commonly caused by which bacteria (and from where)?
Uropathogenic E. Coli from the gut
49
Uropathogenic E.Coli (**UPEC**) are flagellated, thus capable of locomotion. As a result they may also infect the **bladder** and **kidney**. These infections are known as...
**Cystitis** and **pyelonephritis**, respectively
50
Three factors which help to maintain a healthy urinary tract are...
* Urine flow * Epitheleal barrier * Epitheleal defensins
51
The urinary tract detects flagellated bacteria via which receptors?
TLR5 (extracellular Toll-like receptors) Defective TLR5 recepetors in ~10% population is responsible for a genetic predisposition to UTIs
52

Microbiology & Immunology (17 decks)

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