16 - Immune Response to Infectious Disease

Question 1

What determines the immune system response to a pathogen?

Answer 1

nature of pathogen (type) | entry site and location of the pathogen

Question 2

Which antibody is not important for controlling infections at either barrier or mucosal sites?

Answer 2

IgG

Question 3

What is the Fc receptor that will be used to get IgA across mucosal surfaces?

Answer 3

Poly IgR

Question 4

What is the primary function of IFNg?

Answer 4

activate macrophages

Question 5

How does Hepatitis C virus evade the immune system?

Answer 5

blocks and inhibits PKR

Question 6

How does HSV virus evade the immune system?

Answer 6

inhibit TAP activity = no MHC I expression

Question 7

How does Measles virus evade the immune system?

Answer 7

inhibit MHC II expression

Question 8

How does HIV evade the immune system (3 ways)?

Answer 8

inhibit MHC II expression | immunosuppression | change surface antigen

Question 9

How does EBV virus evade the immune system?

Answer 9

immunosuppression

Question 10

How does influenza virus evade the immune system?

Answer 10

change surface antigen

Question 11

What cells does malaria primarily infect?

Answer 11

RBCs

Question 12

Why is it difficult to develop an immune response to malaria?

Answer 12

antigen shift constantly whenever it matures = constantly changing and outer coat shedding | drug resistance

Question 13

What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) is malaria?

Answer 13

intracellular

Question 14

What cells does the African Sleeping Sickness parasite infect?

Answer 14

CNS

Question 15

What is the vector for the African Sleeping Sickness parasite and what is the species of these parasites?

Answer 15

tsetse flies | trypanosome

Question 16

What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) is the African Sleeping Sickness parasite?

Answer 16

intracellular

Question 17

Why is it difficult to develop an immune response to the African Sleeping Sickness parasite?

Answer 17

surface glycoproteins constantly interchange

Question 18

What is the vector for the Leishmaniasis parasite and what is the species of these parasites?

Answer 18

sandflies

Question 19

What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) is Leishmaniasis?

Answer 19

intracellular

Question 20

What cells does the Leishmaniasis parasite infect?

Answer 20

macrophage phagosomes

Question 21

Which is more effective at resolving a Leishmaniasis infection, Th1 or Th2 responses?

Answer 21

Th1 and IFNg = gain resistance against parasite | Th2 doesn’t

Question 22

What kind of pathogen (intracellular or extracellular) are helminths?

Answer 22

extracellular

Question 23

Where do metazoan parasites commonly enter the host through?

Answer 23

intestinal tracts

Question 24

What are the 2 types of parasites?

Answer 24

protozoan = unicellular | metazoan = helminths/worms

Question 25

How do helminths limit immune engagement?

Answer 25

wrap selves in host proteins | decrease external antigen expression

Question 26

What are the common immune responses against helminths? (cells, antibodies, cytokines)

Answer 26

Th2 cells, eosinophils | IgE | IL-4

Question 27

What are the 3 criteria that fungal diseases are classified based on?

Answer 27

site of infection | route of acquisition | level of virulence

Question 28

Our immune system and normal flora usually keep these fungal infections at bay, but what does it indicate when the fungal infection begins producing symptoms?

Answer 28

reduced immunity

Question 29

What are the 4 reasons that may be responsible for r4e-emerging diseases?

Answer 29

combination of diseases | improper antibiotic use | zoonotic pathogens | lack in vaccinations

Question 30

What are the 2 components that are needed when developing a vaccine?

Answer 30

basic reasearch | rational design

Question 31

What does "basic research" refer to in vaccine development?

Answer 31

study the pathogen = its target | what is inducing the immune response against it | the immune response to the pathogen

Question 32

What are the 2 types of vaccines?

Answer 32

passive and active

Question 33

What is passive immunization?

Answer 33

giving antibody | temporary protection

Question 34

How can passive vaccines induce type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 34

can induce allergies against the antibodies in the vaccine

Question 35

How can passive vaccines induce type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 35

formation of immune complexes due to giving a lot of antibodies

Question 36

What is active immunization?

Answer 36

induces immunity and memory | need booster shots

Question 37

What is the nature of active vaccines?

Answer 37

giving an inactive or a part of a pathogen to induce memory response

Question 38

What are the 3 requirements that must be included with every vaccine strategy?

Answer 38

safety | effective at preventing infection | achievable delivery