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Biological > 16) Investigating the brain > Flashcards

16) Investigating the brain Flashcards

1
Q

When were post mortems used

A

19th & 20th century

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2
Q

Where is Brocas area

A

left frontal lobe

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3
Q

Broca’s area function

A

speech

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4
Q

brief NS structure (microscopic analysis of neural tissue)

A

6 layers of neocortex (brain cortex) found by Brodmann

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5
Q

two examples of structural imaging

A

CT scan
MRI

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6
Q

CT scan

A

Computerized tomography

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7
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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8
Q

CT scan explained

A

contrast dye injected into blood
xrays taken from different angles
scanner rotates to measure these angles
radiation absorption varies with tissue density
computer constructs images of the brain

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9
Q

MRI explained

A

magnetic field 25000 times greater than that of earth
brain atoms release electromagnetic energy
£D image of brain created

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10
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalography

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11
Q

EEG explained

A

Electrical brain activity measured on scalp
sensitive to post synaptic dendritic currents generated by synchronised active neurons

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12
Q

strength of EEG

A

excellent temporal resolution (<1ms)

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13
Q

weakness of EEG

A

poor spatial resolution - scalp signal is sum of signals from diff sources (locations cant be accurately inferred)

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14
Q

Hans Berger 1929

A

first to record electric potentials from brain on scalp using EEG

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15
Q

Nervous system activity (impulses) (5)

A

Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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16
Q

Delta

A

0.5 - 4Hz
sleep

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17
Q

theta

A

4-7Hz
sleep
meditation
excess theta for age-abnormal activity due to focal subcortical lesions

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18
Q

alpha

A

8-12Hz
relaxation

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19
Q

beta

A

12-30Hz
alertness, attention, REM sleep

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20
Q

Gamma

A

30-100Hz

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21
Q

Phineas Gage

A

damage to ventral part of PFC
intact speech and movement
disinhibition of innappropriate behaviour

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22
Q

brain damage trials

A

patient with amygdala dysfunction in limbic system drew six emotions - for ‘afraid’ they drew baby not expression

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23
Q

effects of brain surgery

A

mechanical brain injury
stroke
chemical poisoning
neuropsychological test batteries

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24
Q

mapping brain function

A

electric brain stimulation (in vivo) conscious patients during surgery
stimulate areas and see what responds
eg i feel something on my hand or hear something etc

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25
single cell recordings
neuron behaviour examined through micro electrodes records electrical activity of single neuron (but doesn't stimulate)
26
animal study - cat Hunsperger & Bucher (1967)
brain electrical stimulation in cats - current provoked expression change and lesion studies
27
animal lesion studies
deliberately damage or remove specific brain regions and then observe cognitive function and behaviour
28
TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
29
strength of TMS
non invasive
30
TMS explained
neurons excited or inhibited by externally applied time-varying electromagnetic fields, generated by coil above head
31
ERP
Event related potentials
32
ERP explained
EEG recording during cognitive task activity time-locked to external event (eg sound) peak direction (pos/neg) amplitude and timing used to investigate brain process in diff cognitive domains
33
three examples of brain damage case studies
phineas gage - frontal lobe damage corpus callosotomy brocas aphasia
34
corpus callosotomy
cannot say what object they are holding because RH receives info from hand and LH verbalises the info (same results for visual/verbal info)
35
brocas aphasia
patients with lesions to brocas in LH (left ineferior frontal gyrus) have telegraphic speech
36
telegraphic speech
two word sentences
37
Quiroga (2005)
single cell recordings in hippocampus that recognise specific people
38
ERP components
N100 N170
39
N100 (ERP)
responds to sounds from auditory cortex (attenuates as listener habituates)
40
N170 (ERP)
relatively specialised for facial recognition
41
MEG
Magnetoencephalography
42
MEG explained
recording of magnetic fields produced by electrical currents in the brain using arrays of SQUIDs
43
SQUIDs
superconducting quantum interference devices
44
MEG qualities
signal unaffected by skull, meninges more sensitive to activity at sulci ms temporal resolution potentially good spatial resolution (2-3mm) expensive and limited availability
45
EEG/ERP qualities
signal affected by skull, meninges sensitive to gyri and sulci activity ms temporal resolution poor spatial resolution cheaper and widely available
46
meninges
protect the brain and spinal cord
47
functional imaging
measures neuronal activity - eg brain activity associated with cognitive processing
48
2 examples of functional imaging
fMRI PET scan
49
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
50
fMRI explained
measures activation by detecting the increase in oxygen levels active neurons consume oxygen and convert oxyhaemoglobin into deoxyhaemoglobin measure conc of (de)oxyhaemoglobin in the blood - as in the BOLD response BOLD response chnage over time shows hemodynamic response function
51
hemodynamic response function
allows localisation of active voxels peaks in 6-8 seconds after event and is extended over time - limiting temporal resolution of fMRI
52
BOLD response
blood oxygen level dependent contrast
53
voxel
cube/cuboid of brain tissue
54
Wagner (1998)
fMRI of word processing: indicated areas (posterior LIFG, anterior LIFG and fusiform gyrus) more active when words being processed were later recalled, than those that weren't
55
PET scan
Positron Emission Tomography
56
PET explained
measures local blood flow into a brain region radioactive tracer injected into blood stream tracer takes 30 seconds to peak
57
PET qualities
based on blood volume radioactivity involved temporal res: 30sec effective spatial res: 10mm sensitive to whole brain
58
fMRI qualities
based on blood oxygen conc no radioactivity involved temporal res: 1-4sec spatial res: 1mm some brain regions hard to image (near sinuses) (lack of precision)
59
neuroanatomy of corpus callosum
brain stem > 200 million axons wide connectivity with entire cortex most regions send/receive axons through cc
60
5 regions of the corpus callosum
rostrum genu body splenium anterior commissure
61
epilepsy explained
large electrical discharge in focal area then spreads through brain generalised Grand Mal drops seizures are potentially dangerous as they can lead to further injuries
62
surgical intervention for epilepsy
separation of the brain hemispheres split brain surgery
63
what affliction does split brain surgery rectify
epilepsy and grand mal seizures
64
modern split brain methodology - using visual pathway
visual info is proceeds to the contralateral hemisphere hemispheric transfer necessary for each hemisphere to perceive ipsilateral space and for midline fusion
65
contralateral
opposite
66
lateral and medial pathways - modern split brain methodology (visual pathway)
contralateral control of distal effectors ipsilateral control of proximal effectors only can therefore use unilateral inputs and unilateral response to measure hemispheric function
67
ipsilateral
same side of body
68
unilateral
affects only one side
69
Gazzaniga (1962)
first study to show lateralised differences in WJ (patient) - split brain study
70
left hemisphere
speech/language problem solving arithmetic generis processing (interpreting the world) maybe more dominant
71
right hemisphere
visuospatial abilities perceptual grouping face processing veridical processing (higher order perceptual interpretation)
72
veridical processing
direct perception of stimuli as they exist (congruent with reality)

Biological (9 decks)

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