16 Mark Essays Flashcards
(327 cards)
1
Q
Genetic explanations propose
A
One or more genes predispose individuals to criminal behaviour
2
Q
MAOA
A
Monoamine oxidase A
3
Q
What did Stephen Mobley do?
A
He argued that he should escape the death penalty because he “was born to be a criminal”
4
Q
Stephen Mobley based his claim on
A
Han Brunner
5
Q
What did Han Brunner do?
A
He researched 28 members of a Dutch family who had a history of impulsive and violent criminal behaviour such as rape or attempted murder
6
Q
Brunner et al date
A
1993
7
Q
How did Brunner find his findings?
A
He analysed the DNA of these men
8
Q
What did Brunner find?
A
They all shared a particular gene that led to abnormally low levels of MAOA
9
Q
CDH13
A
Cadherin 13
10
Q
Jari Tiihonen Date
A
2015
11
Q
What did Tiihonen et al do?
A
Looked at the DNA of 900 offenders
12
Q
What did Tiihonen et al find?
A
He found evidence of low MAOA activity and also low activity from the CDH13 gene
13
Q
Tiihonen et al estimated that
A
5-10% of all crime committed in Finland is due to abnormalities in one of these two genes
14
Q
Epigenetics propose an interplay where genes
A
Are turned on and off by epigenomes which are affected by environmental factors
15
Q
One important environmental factor is
A
Mistreatment in childhood
16
Q
Caspi et al date
A
2002
17
Q
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
A
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
18
Q
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
A
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
19
Q
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
A
44% of violent convictions
20
Q
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
A
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
21
Q
A common observation is that
A
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
22
Q
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
A
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
23
Q
Raine Date
A
2004
24
Q
Raine cited
A
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
25
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
26
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
27
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
28
Caspi et al date
2002
29
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
30
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
31
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
32
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
33
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
34
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
35
Raine Date
2004
36
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
37
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
38
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
39
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
40
Caspi et al date
2002
41
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
42
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
43
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
44
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
45
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
46
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
47
Raine Date
2004
48
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
49
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
50
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
51
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
52
Caspi et al date
2002
53
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
54
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
55
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
56
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
57
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
58
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
59
Raine Date
2004
60
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
61
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
62
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
63
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
64
Caspi et al date
2002
65
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
66
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
67
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
68
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
69
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
70
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
71
Raine Date
2004
72
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
73
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
74
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
75
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
76
Caspi et al date
2002
77
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
78
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
79
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
80
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
81
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
82
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
83
Raine Date
2004
84
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
85
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
86
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
87
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
88
Caspi et al date
2002
89
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
90
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
91
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
92
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
93
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
94
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
95
Raine Date
2004
96
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
97
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
98
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
99
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
100
Caspi et al date
2002
101
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
102
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
103
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
104
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
105
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
106
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
107
Raine Date
2004
108
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
109
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
110
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
111
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
112
Caspi et al date
2002
113
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
114
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
115
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
116
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
117
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
118
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
119
Raine Date
2004
120
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
121
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
122
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
123
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
124
Caspi et al date
2002
125
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
126
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
127
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
128
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
129
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
130
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
131
Raine Date
2004
132
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
133
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
134
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
135
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
136
Caspi et al date
2002
137
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
138
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
139
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
140
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
141
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
142
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
143
Raine Date
2004
144
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
145
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
146
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
147
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
148
Caspi et al date
2002
149
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
150
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
151
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
152
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
153
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
154
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
155
Raine Date
2004
156
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
157
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
158
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
159
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
160
Caspi et al date
2002
161
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
162
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
163
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
164
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
165
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
166
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
167
Raine Date
2004
168
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
169
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
170
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
171
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
172
Caspi et al date
2002
173
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
174
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
175
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
176
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
177
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
178
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
179
Raine Date
2004
180
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
181
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
182
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
183
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
184
Caspi et al date
2002
185
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
186
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
187
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
188
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
189
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
190
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
191
Raine Date
2004
192
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
193
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
194
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
195
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
196
Caspi et al date
2002
197
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
198
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
199
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
200
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
201
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
202
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
203
Raine Date
2004
204
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
205
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
206
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
207
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
208
Caspi et al date
2002
209
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
210
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
211
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
212
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
213
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
214
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
215
Raine Date
2004
216
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
217
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
218
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
219
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
220
Caspi et al date
2002
221
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
222
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
223
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
224
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
225
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
226
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
227
Raine Date
2004
228
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
229
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
230
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
231
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
232
Caspi et al date
2002
233
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
234
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
235
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
236
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
237
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
238
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
239
Raine Date
2004
240
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
241
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
242
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
243
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
244
Caspi et al date
2002
245
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
246
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
247
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
248
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
249
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
250
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
251
Raine Date
2004
252
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
253
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
254
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
255
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
256
Caspi et al date
2002
257
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
258
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
259
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
260
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
261
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
262
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
263
Raine Date
2004
264
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
265
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
266
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
267
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
268
Caspi et al date
2002
269
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
270
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
271
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
272
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
273
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
274
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
275
Raine Date
2004
276
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
277
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
278
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
279
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
280
Caspi et al date
2002
281
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
282
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
283
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
284
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
285
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
286
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
287
Raine Date
2004
288
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
289
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
290
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
291
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
292
Caspi et al date
2002
293
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
294
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
295
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
296
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
297
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
298
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
299
Raine Date
2004
300
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
301
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
302
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
303
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
304
Caspi et al date
2002
305
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
306
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
307
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
308
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
309
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
310
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
311
Raine Date
2004
312
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
313
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
314
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
315
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
316
Caspi et al date
2002
317
Caspi et al used data from a longitudinal study in New Zealand that has followed
1000 people from when they were babies in the 1970’s
318
Caspi et al assessed anti-social behaviour at age 26 and found
12 of those men had low MAOA genes and had suffered mistreatment as a child
319
Having the combination of low MAOA and a mistreated childhood was the cause of
44% of violent convictions
320
Neural explanations consider how structures of the brain
May be different in criminals as well as there being differences in neurotransmitter levels
321
A common observation is that
Criminals report having had some kind of head injury
322
In general 8.5% of the US population have had a brain injury while
60% of people in prison have suffered with an injury
323
Raine Date
2004
324
Raine cited
71 brain imaging studies showing that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex
325
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
This area of the brain is involved in regulating emotion and controlling moral behaviour in general
326
Lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with
Impulsiveness and loss of control
327
Limbic system
This is a set of subcortical structures, such as the thalamus and the amygdala, that are linked to emotion and motivation
