16 Marker Structure for each approach Flashcards
(7 cards)
Humanism
AO1 details - key words (hierarchy of needs) - self actualisation, name the stages in the hierarchy, talk about no skipping stages.
AO1 Roger’s - congruence, all aiming for this
- When the real and ideal self are the same
- Incongruent means psychologically unhealthy, therefore cannot self actualise
- Caused by conditions are worth - get rid with unconditional positive regard
- Unconditional positive regard = person centred therapy
AO3 cultural bias - Western vs Eastern
- Eastern = collectivist - community
- Western = individualistic - person (SELF ACTUALISATION = WESTERN)
- Cannot apply to the eastern values
- Imposed etic (pushing on one culture the idea of another)
AO3 holistic - all aspects of individual
- Better understanding / detailed / personal
- Treatment = more effective / appropriate - more long term treatment
COMPARISON:
- Reductionism - biological / behaviourist (look at one explanation for behaviour.)
AO3 positive - inherently good
- Unique / full potential
- Empowering / responsibility
- Control can change
AO3 methods - subjective, qualitative data
- Good = detailed
- Subjective but captures the richness of human experience
- Individual, personalised level
- Problems = lacks objectivity
THEREFORE CREATED:
- Q-sort - qualitative data
- Analysis + comparison
- Goes against the aims of humanism (uniqueness of individuals)
Origins of Psychology
AO1- Introspection- looking into themselves for greater understanding and Empiricism
AO1- Conscious awareness
AO3- Practical applications- paved way for behavioural psychologists
AO3- Not scientific for todays standards- lacks temporal validity
AO3- First person to separate psychology from biology
Behaviourism
AO1- classical conditioning- Pavlov Dogs and Little Albert
AO1- Operant conditioning- BF Skinner and Skinner’s box- positive and negative reinforcement
AO3- Practical applications- Token economy and treatment of phobias
AO3- Most research carried out on animals so cannot generalise to humans(Pavlov dogs and Skinner’s box)
AO3- Reductionist- reduces human behaviour to just a stimulus response link
Biological approach
AO1- Family studies- MZ and DZ twins and talk about assumptions such as traits are inherited and are down to genetics
AO1- Adaptive and Maladaptive traits- talk about key assumption that behaviour has been evolved
AO3- Scientific- done in an artificial environment- lab experiments, demand characteristics so lacks ecological validity but it helps scientists maintain high levels of control which reduces the risk of extraneous variables becoming present and also allows us to repeat experiments and improve reliability
AO3- Real world applications- biochemical processes have led to development of psychoactive drugs to treat serious mental health issues such as depression
AO3- Deterministic as it assumes human behaviour is caused by internal, biological causes that we have no control over, implications with legal system through belief criminals are not responsible for their actions and that its because they have a ‘criminal gene’
Cognitive approach
AO1- Information processing model and inferences
AO1- Schemas and internal mapping of brain
AO3- Highly scientific- done in an artificial environment- lab experiments, demand characteristics so lacks ecological validity but it helps scientists maintain high levels of control which reduces the risk of extraneous variables becoming present and also allows us to repeat experiments and improve reliability
AO3- Practical applications- Eye-witness testimony, education and use of PET scans and fMRIs to map areas of brain
AO3-Machine reductionism as it compares us to computers through information processing model and does not take into account complexity of humans and individual differences which is also therefore dehumanising
SLT
AO1- Vicarious learning, modelling, identification and reinforcement
AO1- Bandura’s Bobo Dolls
AO3- Acknowledges importance of cognitive factors- In the behaviourist approach, neither classical nor operant conditioning offers adequate account of learning on their own. Humans and animals store information about the behaviour of others and use this to make judgements about when it is appropriate to perform certain actions. For example, Bandura observed ‘that by observing others, one forms an idea of how behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide to action’. This suggests that SLT provides a more comprehensive explanation of learning by recognising the role of mediational processes and thus gives validity to the findings.
AO3- SLT can explain cultural differences- This is a strength of SLT as it therefore less reductionist then the Biological Approach. The biological approach states that all characteristics and mannerisms are innate and only influenced by genetic make-up and genetic inheritance. However, SLT believes that behaviour is learned through vicarious reinforcement and imitating another’s behaviour. This therefore explains how people differ because of their environment and thus gives a more complex understanding than other approaches.
AO3- Bandura’s research into Bobo Dolls underestimates the influence of biological factors- This is a limitation of SLT as it reduces the validity of Bandura’s findings. For example, the biological approach demonstrated that genetic make-up and the release of neurotransmitters certainly influence our behaviour. Therefore, Bandura underestimating these biological factors suggests that the results of the findings are less valid as they reduce the findings of the biological approach thus limiting the credibility of the findings of SLT.
Psychodynamic approach
AO1-Tripartite personality-id, ego and superego and talk about the 3 defence mechanisms
AO1- Psychosexual stages
AO3- Practical Applications- Oedipus complex(Little Hans) and psychotherapy- tries to treat root causes and not just symptoms(therapy)
AO3- Considers both nature(id) and nurture(psychosexual stages)- interactionism
AO3- Unscientific- unfalsifiable/ cannot prove right or wrong(unconscious mind and tripartite personality)
