16 Reproduction/Embryo Dev

Question 1

what do reproductive systems include

Answer 1

gonads/primary sec organs

accessory reproductive structures

Question 2

what do gonads usually produce

Answer 2

gametes and sex hormones

Question 3

what is the male reproductive role?

Answer 3

to produce male gametes, called spermatozoa or sperm cells

Question 4

what hangs within the scrotum

Answer 4

testes

Question 5

what is a scrotum

Answer 5

abdominal pounches forming a common cutaneous sac

Question 6

what is the normal temperature for sperm production

Answer 6

3 degrees lower than normal body temp (approx 34)

Question 7

what is the accessory duct attached to each testes

Answer 7

epididymis

Question 8

what is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 8

it is a place where sperm matures

stores sperm

Question 9

what emerges from the epididymis

Answer 9

the vas deferens

Question 10

what forms the spermatic cord

Answer 10

vas deferens, associated blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

Question 11

where does the ductus deferens run?

Answer 11

runs upward, passes through the inguinal canal and enters the abdominal cavity
then it leaves the spermatic cord, loops over the ureter and descends along the posterior surface of the urinary bladder
then it enlarges to form the ampulla which joins with the duct from one of the seminal vesicles forming the ejaculatory duct

Question 12

where does the ejaculatory duct run

Answer 12

pass into the prostate and empty into the urethra

Question 13

what are the 3 regions of the tip of the penis

Answer 13

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra

Question 14

what are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system

Answer 14

all paired
seminal vesicles glands
prostate glands
bulbourethral glands

Question 15

what is the internal structure of the penis

Answer 15

three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue (elastic CT, smooth muscle, vascular channels) each surrounded by tunica albuginea

Question 16

what are the 2 dorsal columns of erectile tissue called

Answer 16

corpora cavernosa

Question 17

what is the column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra

Answer 17

corupus spongiosum

Question 18

what happens the erectile tissue when the individual is sexually aroused

Answer 18

blood will fill the tissue and cause an enlargement and erection of the penis

Question 19

what tissue covers the testes, what does it consist of?

Answer 19

each testis is covered by a dense connective tissue capsule composed of many coiled seminiferous tubules

Question 20

what is spermatogenesis and where does it occur

Answer 20

the process of sperm production

it occurs in the seminiferous tubules

Question 21

what is spermatogonia and where are they located

Answer 21

the most immature cells

located near basement membrane

Question 22

what do spermotogonia develop into?

Answer 22

primordial germ cells in the embryonic testis

Question 23

how long do spermatogonia remain dormant?

Answer 23

during childhood

they begin actively producing sperm at puberty (10-12 yrs)

Question 24

when do spermatogonia begin to divides by mitosis? what is the resulting product of the division?

Answer 24

they begin to divide when exposed to reproductive hormones

after the division some form primary spermatocytes

Question 25

what do primary spermatocytes give rise to

Answer 25

4 sperm cells

Question 26

what meiosis do primary spermatocytes undergo and what is the result

Answer 26

meiosis 1 to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes

Question 27

what type of meiosis do secondary spermatocytes under go and what is the results

Answer 27

meiosis 2 to produce four haploid spermatids

Question 28

when secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 and produce 4 haploid spermatids are they ready successfully fertilize with an oocyte?

Answer 28

nope, they need to form their flagella for movement and they need to shed their cytoplasm

Question 29

sperm are produced throughout the male lifetime, what changes as they grow older in regards to ejaculatory make up and libido

Answer 29

sperm count gets lower | sex drive diminishes

Question 30

where are the leydig cells located

Answer 30

between the seminiferous tubules

Question 31

what is another name for leydig cells

Answer 31

interstitial cells

Question 32

what is the function of leydig cells

Answer 32

secrete restosterone

Question 33

what is necessary for spermatogenesis and the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males

Answer 33

testosterone

Question 34

what is the reproductive role of the female

Answer 34

to produce female gametes known as ova/eggs

Question 35

where are the ovaries located

Answer 35

at each side of the uterus

Question 36

what is the function of the ovaries

Answer 36

produce gametes, secondary oocytes, mature egg cells after fertilization and also produce sex hormones

Question 37

what sex hormones are produced by the ovaries

Answer 37

estrogen and progesterone

Question 38

where are the uterine tubes/fallopian tubes located

Answer 38

they extend medially from the region of the ovary to enter the uterus

Question 39

what is the infundibulum?

Answer 39

the expanded funnel end of the uterine tube closest to the ovaries

Question 40

what are fimbriae and where are they located

Answer 40

finger like projections of the infundibulum

Question 41

what are the function of fimbriae

Answer 41

they contain cillia that creates currents in the peritoneal fluid that propels the ovulated oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube

Question 42

where does fertilization of an oocyte occur?

Answer 42

in the uterine tube

Question 43

when does fertilization of an oocyte occur?

Answer 43

up to 24 hours after ovulation if sperm are present

Question 44

what carries the oocyte to the uterus

Answer 44

by a combination of muscular peristalsis and beating of cilia lining the tube

Question 45

what is the uterus and where is it located

Answer 45

a small muscular pear shaped organ | it is located across the superior and posterior margins of the urinary bladder

Question 46

what are the 2 rgions of the uterus

Answer 46

body- which forms the largest portion of the uterus | cervix- inferior portion of the uterus that connect to the vagina

Question 47

what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall

Answer 47

perimetrium myometrium inner endometrium

Question 48

which of the three layers of the uterine wall make up majority of it

Answer 48

myometrium

Question 49

what is the function of the smooth muscle of the myometrium

Answer 49

able to produce powerful labor contractions

Question 50

what does the innermost endometrium consist of?

Answer 50

2 layers stratum functionalis/functional layer - lies underneath the uterine cavity stratum basalis/basal layer - beneath SF

Question 51

what is the functional layer a site for

Answer 51

uterine glands in the underlying areolar connective tissue

Question 52

Where is the fertilized ovum undergo implantation

Answer 52

the functional layer of the inner most endometrium of the uterine wall

Question 53

what happens when fertilization does not occur

Answer 53

the functional layer is shed during menstration

Question 54

what is the tubular muscular cnaal located between the urinary bladder and the rectum

Answer 54

the vagina

Question 55

what receives the penis

Answer 55

the vagina lol

Question 56

what covers the surface of each ovary (cell type)

Answer 56

cuboidal epithelium

Question 57

what is beneath the cuboidal epithelium covering the ovaries

Answer 57

a thick layer of dense connective tissue

Question 58

what are the regions of the ovary?

Answer 58

the cortex - containing the follicles and the corpora lutea | medulla - interior part of the ovary composed mainly of loose connective tissue and blood vessels

Question 59

what is oogenesis, where does it occur

Answer 59

the process of egg production occurring in the ovaries

Question 60

when does oogenesis begin

Answer 60

in early fetal development when primordial germ cells in the ovary differentiate into ooginia

Question 61

what do oogonia do, what do some transform into

Answer 61

divide mitotically increasing in numbers into the millions | some transform into primary oocytes

Question 62

what happens to a primary oocyte after it is formed? what does it become

Answer 62

it becomes surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells and becomes a primary follicle

Question 63

what type of meiosis occurs to the oocyte before puberty

Answer 63

meiosis 1, it stays at prophase 1 until puberty

Question 64

approximately how many primary oocytes are around at birth? how does that change as the female grows older

Answer 64

approximately 2 million in each ovary at puberty 300 000 remain and only about 400 will mature and be ovulated

Question 65

what is the name of the process that involves the degeneration of oocytes as a female ages

Answer 65

artesia

Question 66

what do luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormones trigger

Answer 66

they trigger several primary follicles to increase in size as the follicular cells proliferate to form a stratified epithelium of cuboidal granulosa cells

Question 67

where are granulosa cells located

Answer 67

around the developing ovum

Question 68

what is the clear glycoprotein layer that forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells

Answer 68

zona pellucida

Question 69

what does a primary follicle develop into

Answer 69

it develops into a secondary follicle with a larger oocyte and more layers of follicular cells

Question 70

what eventually forms around the secondary follicle

Answer 70

a fluid filled cavity called the antrum

Question 71

what happens as the antrum enlarges around the secondary follicle

Answer 71

it pushes the oocyte to one side causing the oocyte to become surrounded by a capsule of follicular cells called corona radiata

Question 72

what happens to the connective tissue around granulosa cels when the follicle is known as a "graadian/mature follicle"

Answer 72

the connective tissue condenses and differentiates a thecal layers

Question 73

why might there be a bulge on the ovary

Answer 73

the antrum might be so big that the follicle forms a bulge

Question 74

when is estrogen released by the theca interna cells of the follicle

Answer 74

when the follicle has become mature

Question 75

what is the function of estrogen release by theca interna cells

Answer 75

estrogen interacts with pituitary hormones in a complex way in the control of ovulation it is also responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in the female

Question 76

what do pituitary hormones stimulate

Answer 76

ovulation

Question 77

what type of meiosis does a primary oocyte undergo, what does it become

Answer 77

meiosis 1 | it produces a haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body that later degeneerates

Question 78

where does the secondary oocyte go after meiosis 1

Answer 78

enters the uterine tube and is transported to the uterus

Question 79

when the secondary oocyte eneters meiosis 2 what stage does it get paused at and how long does it stay that way

Answer 79

it pauses at metaphase 2 until fertilization occurs

Question 80

what happens once fertilization occurs

Answer 80

the completion of meiosis 2 to produce a haploid ovum and a second polar body which also degenerates and a zygote has been formed

Question 81

when is the corpus luteum formed

Answer 81

after ovulation

Question 82

what is corpus luteum

Answer 82

a glandular structure with a folded wall of lutein cells surrounding a small amount of follicular fluid

Question 83

what does corpus luteum secrete

Answer 83

progesterone and estrogen

Question 84

why is the development of progesteron important

Answer 84

it is important for the development of the placenta and for the suppression of follicle maturation during pregnancy

Question 85

what happens if pregnancy does not occur, in refards to the corpus lutem

Answer 85

it degenerates into scar tissue known as corpus albicans