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1.6 Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

1.6.A.1 Detection of a Stimulus

Sensation

A

Process of how our sensory receptors receive and represent stimuli from the environment

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2
Q

1.6.A.1 Detection of a Stimulus

Psychophysics

A

Relationship between objective traits (measured intensity) and subjective perceptioon of the stimulus (apparent brightness)

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3
Q

1.6.A.1 Detection of a Stimulus

Sensory receptors

A

Receptor cells that specialize in detecting/responding to specific stimuli

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4
Q

1.6.A.1 Detection of a Stimulus

Signal detection theory

A

Theory that predicts how and when we detect presence of a faint stimulus. Assumes that there is no threshold, and that detection depends partially on individual experiences

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5
Q

1.6.A.1 Detection of a Stimulus

Absolute threshold

example?

A

Minimum energy/stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus half the time

hear footsteps before your friend, your absolute threshold is lower

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6
Q

1.6.A.2 Detecting Stimulus Change or Diminished Sensitivity

Just noticeable difference (difference threshold)

A

Smallest difference between two stimuli that can be consistently and accurately detected half the time

two pumps of perfume vs one, can be detected half the time

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7
Q

1.6.A.2 Detecting Stimulus Change or Diminished Sensitivity

Weber’s Law

A

To perceive two stimuli as different, they must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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8
Q

1.6.A.2 Detecting Stimulus Change or Diminished Sensitivity

Sensory adaptation

example?

A

exposure to constant stimulation means diminished sensitivity

we don’t feel the clothes on our body

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9
Q

1.6.B.1 Transduction in the Retina

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy to another. Transforming stimulus energies(sight, sounds, etc), into neural impulses for our brains

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10
Q

1.6.B.1 Transduction in the Retina

Pupil

A

Where light passes on entering eye, in front of the lens

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11
Q

1.6.B.1 Transduction in the Retina

Cornea

A

Clear, curved bulge in front of the eyeball to protect/cover

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12
Q

1.6.B.1 Transduction in the Retina

Iris

A

Muscle that expands/contracts to change the size of the pupil/opening for light

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13
Q

1.6.B.1 Transduction in the Retina

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus imageees on the retina

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14
Q

1.6.B.1 Transduction in the Retina

Retina

A

Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and send it to the brain. (where transduction happens)

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15
Q

1.6.B.1 Transduction in the Retina

Fovea

A

Point of central focus, contains the most cones(provides the clearest vision, located in the retina

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16
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Cones

A

Detects fine details/colour, near the fovea

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17
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Trichromatic theory

A

Theory that retina has 3 different color receptors- red blue and green. When stimulated in combination, can produce perception of any color

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18
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Opponent process theory

A

Theooy that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable colour vision.

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19
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Hue

A

Frequency of wavelength that determines colour

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20
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Optic nerve

A

Carries impulses from retina to the brain to interpret them as images

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21
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Blindspot

A

Point at which optic nerve leaves eye, no receptor cells in the area

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22
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Photoreceptros

A

Visual receptors

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23
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Feature detectors

A

Cells in the visual coortex that respond to specific features of complex stimuli (eg; edges, angles, length, etc)

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24
Q

1.6.B.4 Color Vision Theories & 1.6.B.4.I Cones

Intensity

A

Strength or force of a stimulus

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25
# 1.6.B.2 Lens Accommodation Accomodation
Process which the eye's lens changes shapes to focus near/far objects on the retina
26
# 1.6.B.2 Lens Accommodation Nearsightedness/Myopia
Can see near objects well but not far, eyeball is too long
27
# 1.6.B.2 Lens Accommodation Farsightedness/hyperopia
Can see far objects well but not near, eyeball is too compressed
28
# 1.6.B.3 Rods Rods
Detect black, white and grey, peripheral retina, darkness/brightness | Seeing in the dark, etc
29
# 1.6.B.4.II Afterimages and Ganglion Cells Afterimages
Images that remain after a stimulus is removed- related to opponent processing theory
30
# 1.6.B.4.II Afterimages and Ganglion Cells Bipolar cells
Cells that transmit signals froom the photoreceptors to ganglion cells
31
# 1.6.B.4.II Afterimages and Ganglion Cells Ganglion cells
Neurons that relay information from retina to the brain via optic nerve
32
# 1.6.B.4.II Afterimages and Ganglion Cells What is the order that travels? | Ganglion, Bipolar, Photoreceptors
Photoreceptors>Bipolar cells>Ganglion cells
33
# 1.6.B.4.III Color Vision Deficiencies Dichromatism
Partial colourblindness, eye only contains two types of photopigment instead of three | Red-green colour blindness is the most common
34
# 1.6.B.4.III Color Vision Deficiencies Monochromatism
Partial colourblindness in which the eye only contains one type of photopigment
35
# 1.6.B.5 Brain Damage Resulting in Visual Disorders Prosopagnosia
Disease that leads to inability to recognize faces, other objects are relatively unaffected. Damage to right hemisphere of occipital lobe
36
# 1.6.B.5 Brain Damage Resulting in Visual Disorders Blindsight
Cannot see, but brain still unconsciously processes information Damage to the left hemisphere in the visual cortex
37
# 1.6.C.1 Detecting Movement of Air Middle ear
Chamber between eardrum and cochlea, containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil and stirrupt) that cooncentrate vibratioons of eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
38
# 1.6.C.1 Detecting Movement of Air Cochlea
Coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in inner ear; sound waves traveling through cochlear fluid trigger neural impulses through electrodes in the cochlea
39
# 1.6.C.1 Detecting Movement of Air Inner ear
Innermoost part of ear, composed of cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs
40
# 1.6.C.2 Theories of Pitch Detection Place theory
Theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
41
# 1.6.C.2 Theories of Pitch Detection Volley theory
High frequency sounds are heard too frequently, so groups of neurons of respond by firing slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded and sent to the brain.
42
# 1.6.C.2 Theories of Pitch Detection Frequency theory
Rate of nerve impulses travelling up auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone
43
# 1.6.C.3 Determining Location of Sound Sound localization
Ability to find location of something producing sound waves based on intensity, timing, etc
44
# 1.6.C.3 Determining Location of Sound Wavelengths
Distance from the peak of one light/sound wave to the next peak
45
# 1.6.C.3 Determining Location of Sound Frequency
rate of travelling per second determined by wavelength of sound
46
# 1.6.C.3 Determining Location of Sound Pitch
Frequency of vibration created by wavelengths
47
# 1.6.C.3 Determining Location of Sound Amplitude
Intensity or amount of energy of a wave- amplitude of sound determines loudness
48
# 1.6.C.4 Hearing Difficulties Conduction Deafness
Hearing loss caused by damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea, soundwaves cannot get through the outer and middle ear. Hard to hear soft sounds. Louder sounds may be muffled
49
# 1.6.C.4 Hearing Difficulties Sensorineural deafness
Hearing loss caused by damage to cochlea's receptor cells/inner ear damage | nerve deafness
50
# 1.6.C.4 Hearing Difficulties Cochlear implant
Device for converting electrical signals and stimulating auditory neerve
51
# 1.6.D.1 Detection and Transduction in the Nose Olfactory system
Smell. Odors interact with receptor proteins associated with hairs in the nose (~5-6 million smell receptors in nasal cavity), then the olfactory bulbs in the brain
52
# 1.6.D.1 Detection and Transduction in the Nose Pheromones
Chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of the same species
53
# 1.6.D.1 Detection and Transduction in the Nose How is smell related to memory?
Olfactory bulb is near the hippocampus and amygdala of the brain.
54
# 1.6.D.2 Types of Taste Umami
"savory" or "meaty" (eg; broth, gravies, soup and soy sauce). Related to the taste of glutamate
55
# 1.6.D.2 Types of Taste Oleogustus
Oily/fatty taste
56
# 1.6.D.3 Structures That Transduce Taste & Types of Tasters Gustation
Mouth's ability too tell difference between different tastes
57
# 1.6.D.3 Structures That Transduce Taste & Types of Tasters Taste receptors/Papillae
Tiny bumps on the tongue containing microscopic hairs called microvilli that send messages t obrain about taste
58
# 1.6.D.3 Structures That Transduce Taste & Types of Tasters Supertasters
More sensitive to bitter/sweet substances. More papillae
59
# 1.6.D.3 Structures That Transduce Taste & Types of Tasters Medium tasters
Average ability to sense different flavours
60
# 1.6.D.3 Structures That Transduce Taste & Types of Tasters Nontasters
People who genetically are unable to taste, or has less taste perception than average
61
# 1.6.D.3 Interaction and Coordination of Chemical Senses Thalamus
Receives and sorts sensory input to other parts of the brain
62
# 1.6.F.1 Explain the Processes and Complexities of Pain Gate-control theory
Theory that spinal cord has a neurological "gate" that guards signals from/to the brain. Opened by activity of pain signals
63
# 1.6.F.1 Explain the Processes and Complexities of Pain Phantom limb sensation
Feeling that amputated limb is still present
64
# 1.6.G.1 Vestibular Sense Vestibular sense
Sense of body movement and position, mainly balance
65
# 1.6.G.1 Vestibular Sense Semicircular canals
Set of three looped tubular channels in the inner ear that detect movement of the head. Provides sense of equilibrium, important for balance
66
# 1.6.G.2 Kinesthesis Kinesthesia
System for sensing position/movement of bidy parts

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