16 Sensory, Motor, Integrative Systems Flashcards
(31 cards)
Sensory modality 19
General somatic tactile - touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
General somatic - temperature, pain, proprioception
General - visceral - pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, temp.
Special - smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
Sensation, perception
Sensation - awareness of changes in internal or external environment
Perception - interpretation of sensations, cerebral cortex
Sensory receptor classification microscopic structure 3
Free nerve endings - pain, thermal, tickle, itch, touch
Encapsulated nerve ending - pressure, vibration, touch
Separate cell - sight, hearing, taste
Sensory receptor classification location 3
Exteroceptors - convey external stimuli
Interoceptors - visceral, blood vessels
Proprioceptors - muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear - position
Sensory receptor classification type of stimulus 6
Mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium
Thermoreceptors - temperature
Nocioceptors - pain
Photoreceptors - light
Chemoreceptors - chemicals taste, smell, body fluids
Osmoreceptors - osmotic pressure
Skin receptors 5
Type I cutaneous mechano - tactile discs - epidermis
Corpuscle of touch - meissner - dermal papillae
Type II cutaneous mechano - ruffini corpuscle - deep in dermis
Hair root plexus - dermis
Lamellated corpuscle - pacinian - dermis and sub Q
Types of pain 5
Fast pain - 0.1 seconds - sharp, acute Slow pain - second or more - chronic, burning, throbbing Superficial somatic pain Deep somatic pain Visceral pain
Proprioception receptors - 3
Muscle spindle
Tendon organ
Joint kinesthetic receptor
Somatic sensory pathways - number of neurons
First order - receptor to brain stem or spinal chord
Second order - brain stem to thalamus
Third order - thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex
3 somatic sensory pathways
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway
Trigeminothalamic pathway
Cortex area for somatic sensory
Primary somatosensory area - 1, 2, 3
Proprioceptor spinal tracts 2
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Final common pathway (motor)
Lower motor neurons- brain stem and spinal chord cell bodies, out cranial/spinal nerves, innervate skeletal muscles.
Somatic motor pathway to LMN 4
Local circuit neurons - interneurons in brain stem and spinal chord
Upper motor neurons - from cerebral cortex and brain stem
Basal nuclei neurons - assist movement, initiate terminate movement, suppress unwanted movement
Cerebellar neurons - control upper motor neurons, coordinate
Paralysis 2
Flaccid - no voluntary or reflex action, tone lost, limp. Same side
Spastic - tone increased, reflexes exaggerated, babinski appears. Opposite side.
Corticospinal pathways 2
Upper motor neurons, cerebral cortex to peduncle midbrain to pyramids medulla 90% cross, rest cross in chord.
Lateral corticospinal - anterior roots, distal parts of limbs. Precise skill
Anterior corticospinal - cross in chord. Anterior root, proximal limbs
Corticobulbar pathway 9 cranial nerves
Cerebrum, Midbrain peduncle, some cross
Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Indirect motor pathways - extrapyramidal - 4
Tectospinal - superior colliculus, reflex move head eyes trunk to visual auditory input
Rubrospinal - red nucleus to distal muscles, precise
Vestibulospinal - vestibular nucleus to muscles for balance, posture
Medial lateral reticulospinal - reticular formation to muscles for posture, tone
Roles of basal nuclei - 4
Initiation and termination of movement
Suppress unwanted movement
Influence muscle tone
Act with limbic to regulate emotional behaviors
Disorders of basal nuclei - 5
Parkinson’s - shaking/tremors, rigidity
Huntington - inherited. Chorea - rapid jerky involuntary movements, dance
Tourette - involuntary movement tics and sounds vocal tics
Schizophrenia - delusions, paranoia, hallucinations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD - repetitive thoughts that cause repetitive actions obligated to perform. Check door locks over & over
Modulation of movement by cerebellum 4
Monitor intention for movement
Monitor actual movement
Compare command signals with sensory information
Send out corrective feedback
Wakefulness and sleep, rhythm, stem part 2
Circadian rhythm, 24 hours
Reticular activating system RAS - arousal
Sleep stages - 4+1
Stage 1 - transition wake to sleep, 1-7 minutes
Stage 2 - light sleep, first true sleep
Stage 3 - moderately deep sleep, 20 minutes after falling asleep, BP and temp drop
Stage 4 - deepest, metabolism drops, reflexes intact, sleepwalking, transition 1-4 less than an hour
REM - alternate, every 90 minutes, last up to 50 minutes, 90-120 total per night. Infant spends 50% in REM, 25% adult. Brain blood flow and oxygen use higher in REM than intense activity awake. Increased parasympathetic activity REM causes erection.
Sleep disorders 2
Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
Sleep apnea - stop breathing 10 seconds or more while sleeping
