Studies

Question 1

Daniel Reiger

Answer 1

Uses DSM and found 3 disorders including ptsd had kappa value of 0.6-0.8 which is very good.
7 more had kappa of 0.4-0.6. This is good as shows clinicians have adapted despite change in criteria.
Only 4% of clinicians lacked confidence in their diagnosis using icd 10

Question 2

Rachel cooper

Answer 2

Found DSM 5 task force were classifying levels as low as 0.2-0.4 as acceptable. Found major depressive disorder was least reliable (0.28)

Question 3

Kim-kohen

Answer 3

Showed concurrent validity for conduct disorder thru observations interviews with mothers and questionnaires

Question 4

Galeazzi

Answer 4

2 researchers did joint interview of 100 clients with psychomatic symptoms and had high kappa value so shows strong agreement for icd 10

Question 5

Peter mason

Answer 5

Found icd 10 had predictive validity as predicted disability in 99 ppl with schizophrenia 13 years later

Question 6

Tenn

Answer 6

Gave rats amphetamine injections and they showed schizophrenia like symptoms such as social withdrawal. Dopamine antagonists then reversed the effects. Shows dopamine causes schizophrenia

Question 7

Depatie + Lal

Answer 7

Found that apomorphine which is a dopamine agonists did not induce schizophrenia like symptoms in non psychotic people and did not worsen symptoms of people with schizophrenia. Therefore maybe hyperdopaminergia does not cause schizophrenia

Question 8

Davis

Answer 8

Positive symptoms due to excess dopamine in mesolimbic pathway and negative symptoms caused by less dopamine in mesocortical pathway.

Question 9

Snyder

Answer 9

Found haloperidol which is dopamine antagonist had narrower range of biochemical effects and was more effective in reducing symptoms. Shows excess activity of specific receptors are linked to symptoms

Question 10

Wim veiling

Answer 10

Showed Moroccan immigrant were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than Turkish immigrants. Shows environmental factors such as social stress interact with neurochemistry which makes some people more prone to psychosis.

Question 11

Gottesman and shields

Answer 11

Found clear concordance rates between people with genetic similarity and probability of 2 people both having schizophrenia. Shows biology plays significant role.

Question 12

Pedersen and mortensen

Answer 12

The longer someone is exposed to city life and and high population density will increase risk of schizophrenia. Rural dwelling can protect someone from a disorder they are genetically predisposed to.

Question 13

Egan

Answer 13

Found link between a form of COMT gene called VAL allele will increase the risk of schizophrenia by 50%.

Question 14

Dahoun

Answer 14

DISC1 gene is associated with presynaptic dopamine disregulation.

Question 15

Vasssos

Answer 15

Meta analysis from 4 studies and found risk was 2.37 times higher for people living in urban environments compared to rural environment for schizophrenia.

Question 16

Veiling questionnaire

Answer 16

Gave people a questionnaire and found people with a weak ethnic identity were at greater risk of schizophrenia than people with strong ethic identity. Shows that embracing ethnic differences could be a protective factor.

Question 17

Patel

Answer 17

Did multiple FGA trials and found only have 45% had improvement and no side effects. Many people who took it struggled with everyday life and were unemployed.

Question 18

Zhao

Answer 18

Did meta analysis of 18 FGAs and found 17 of them has lower relapse rates compared to placebo.

Question 19

Kapur

Answer 19

Warns of overgeneralisation from animal tests as they can handle higher doses but this will cause side effects in humans. Therefore lab experiments can’t replicate living experience of taking meds and coping with side effects.

Question 20

Turner

Answer 20

Found publication bias towards studies that showed positive outcomes of antipsychotic trials. Sates that the effectiveness is exaggerated as the research is funded by drug companies

Question 21

NICE

Answer 21

Did meta analysis of CBT studies and found it reduces rehospitalisation rates and time spent in hospital. Reduced symptom severity and improved psychological functioning

Question 22

Kuipers

Answer 22

Found drug resistant clients improved when given CBT which targeted delusions and hallucinations

Question 23

Mckennna

Answer 23

Compared CBT to routine treatment and CBT was only superior in 2/9 studies.

Question 24

Lieblich

Answer 24

Used DSM 5 and there was only full agreement for 15% of diagnosis of depression

Question 25

Sen

Answer 25

Found negative correlation between amount of bdnf in blood and severity of depressive symptoms.

Question 26

Martinowich

Answer 26

Low levels of bdnf in hippocampus of depressed people during post mortem

Question 27

Evans

Answer 27

Measured self beliefs of pregnant women and those with more negative beliefs were more likely to eventually become depressed after 3 years.

Question 28

Dohr

Answer 28

Found that negative beliefs expressed during depressive episode usually became positive

Question 29

Brown

Answer 29

Argues that there is a lot of evidence that negative thinking accompanies depression but little evidence it causes depression

Question 30

Cipriani

Answer 30

Reviewed studies of 21 antidepressants and found all the drugs were more effective than placebos.

Question 31

Elkin

Answer 31

Randomly allocated 239 pps to one of 4 treatment groups. CBT was just as effective as antidepressants

Question 32

Shea

Answer 32

Antidepressants and interpersonal therapy was more effective than CBT in treating severe depression

Question 33

Meechan

Answer 33

Argues that CBT only works due to relationship between client and therapist. Concluded that collaborative relationship encouraged more open communication