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[mt 6314] pharmacology & toxicology > [3S] Vaccines > Flashcards

[3S] Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES

Introducing the antigen to a system; natural or induced.

A

Active Immunization

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2
Q

VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES

Our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen.

A

Active Immunization

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3
Q

VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES

Protected from a pathogen by immunity gained from someone else.

A

Passive Immunization

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4
Q

Consists of antigen-induced formation of antibodies in the host and cell-mediated immunity.

A

Active Immunization

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5
Q

Requires time to develop → concurrent passive and active
○ Generally inactive at the time of specific exposure.

A

Active Immunization

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6
Q

Generally preferable to ____ immunization.
○ Higher antibody levels for longer periods of time
○ Less frequent immunization
○ Concurrent cell-mediated immunity

A

Passive

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7
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION

Duration of Immunity

A

Live vaccines > inactive vaccines

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8
Q
  1. Complete prevention of disease
  2. Prevention of the carrier state
  3. Production of prolonged immunity
  4. Absence of toxicity
  5. Mass immunization
    ● Inexpensive
    ● Easy to administer
  6. Easy transport
  7. Easy storage
A

Ideal Immunogen

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9
Q

Consists of transfer of immunity to a host using preformed immunologic products

A

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

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10
Q

Only used for passive immunization due to the difficulty of passive administration of cellular components of the immune system and its association with graft-versus-host reactions.

A

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

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11
Q

Interferons
○ Hematologic
○ Infectious diseases

A

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

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12
Q

Confer temporary immunity

A

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

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13
Q

○ Antibodies from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
○ Breast milk and colostrum.

A

Natural

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14
Q

CLINICAL USES

● Individuals unable to form antibodies.
● Prevention of disease when time does not permit active immunization - post-exposure.
● Treatment of certain diseases normally prevented by immunization.
● Treatment of conditions for which active immunization is unavailable or impractical.

A

Passive Immunization / Immunoglobulins

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15
Q

COMPLICATIONS

Absolute contraindication in passive immunization
○ May develop in individuals with certain immunoglobulin deficiencies.
○ Those with IgE deficiencies are at high risk.

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

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16
Q

● Have a shorter half-life (around 20 days).
● Anaphylaxis to serum sickness

A

Animal Antibodies

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17
Q

T/F: Anaphylaxis to serum sickness is least likely to happen with highly purified immunoglobulins (e.g. rodents or lagomorphs).

A

T

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18
Q

● Lower risk of hypersensitivity reactions.
● Much longer half-life in humans (IgG 23 days vs. 5-7 days.
● Smaller doses can be administered to provide therapeutic concentration for several weeks.

A

Human Antibodies

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19
Q

Preferred option for passive protection whenever
possible.

A

Human Antibodies

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20
Q

STORAGE

Inactivated vaccines
Diluents for lyophilized vaccines (or room temp.)
Live attenuated influenza vaccine nasal spray

A

Refrigerator 2-8°C

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21
Q

STORAGE

Lyophilized-powder live-virus vaccines

A

Freezer -15°C or colder

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22
Q

VACCINE TYPE

● Weakened virus
● Reduce virulence but retain immunogenic antigens.
● Humoral and cellular responses
● Memory cells: One or two doses

A

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

23
Q

VIRUS

Measles Polio Rotavirus

A

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

24
Q

VIRUS

Yellow fever
Chickenpox

A

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

25
Q

BACTERIA

Vibrio cholera
Tuberculosis

A

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

26
Q

DISADVANTAGES

● Must be refrigerated to retain their activity.
● Can mutate in the host virulent and cause disease.

A

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

27
Q

Contraindications of Live Attenuated

A

● Immunocompromised individuals
● Pregnancy

28
Q

VACCINE TYPE

● Kill pathogens through:
○ Heat
○ Radiation
○ Chemicals
● Replicate or mutate (safe)
● Can be freeze-dried and transported without refrigeration.

A

INACTIVATED VACCINES

29
Q

VIRUS

Polio
Influenza
Rabies

A

INACTIVATED VACCINES

30
Q

BACTERIA

Typhoid
Plague

A

INACTIVATED VACCINES

31
Q

DISADVANTAGE

● Weaker immune response
● Multiple doses

A

INACTIVATED VACCINES

32
Q

VACCINE TYPE

● Component of the microorganism
● Polysaccharides or proteins
● Considered safe because they have no live replicating pathogen present.

A

SUBUNIT VACCINES

33
Q

VACCINE TYPE

Includes:
○ Recombinant subunit vaccines
○ Hepatitis B

A

SUBUNIT VACCINES

34
Q

DISADVANTAGES

○ Induce a less-robust immune system
○ Lengthy and costly to develop
○ Immunity is not guaranteed

A

SUBUNIT VACCINES

35
Q

SUBUNIT TYPE

● Sugar antigens
○ Bacterial cell walls (peptidoglycan)
● Bacterial capsule polysaccharide
○ Carrier protein (diphtheria/tetanus toxoid)

A

Polysaccharide

36
Q

SUBUNIT TYPE

Meningococcal infection
■ Neisseria meningitidis - Group A, C, W-135, Y

A

Polysaccharide

37
Q

SUBUNIT TYPE

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Pneumococcal - PCV7, 10, 13

A

Polysaccharide

38
Q

DISADVANTAGES

○ Not very immunogenic
○ Suboptimal immune responses (short-term immunity)

A

Polysaccharide

39
Q

SUBUNIT TYPE

● T-protein-based: Purified proteins
● Includes:
○ Acellular pertussis (aP)
○ Hepatitis B vaccines (envelop protein)

A

Surface Protein

40
Q

DISADVANTAGES

○ May not be presented in native form
○ Antibodies may not bind efficiently

A

Surface Protein

41
Q

SUBUNIT TYPE

● Immune response bind and neutralize toxins.
● Prevents cell damage in the patient.
● Safe: No live pathogens
● Stable over a wide range of temperatures and humidities.

A

Toxoids

42
Q

SUBUNIT TYPE

Clostridium tetani
Corynebacterium diphtheria

A

Toxoids

43
Q

DISADVANTAGES

Not highly immunogenic
■ Adsorbed to adjuvants (Al or Ca salts) to increase their capacity to stimulate the immune response.

A

Toxoids

44
Q

VACCINE TYPE

● Antigenic genes: Synthetic DNA
● IM or ID
● APCs
● Both humoral and cellular

A

DNA VACCINES

45
Q

No risk of infection
Cost-effective
Stable
Long-term protection

A

DNA VACCINES

46
Q

DISADVANTAGES

● Limit to protein antigens
● Tolerance to antigen (low immunogenicity)

A

DNA VACCINES

47
Q

VACCINE TYPE

Vector: Virus/bacterium
○ Microbial genes
○ Infects or transduces host cells
● The protein code are being packaged.
● Replaces the natural gene with microbial gene.

A

RECOMBINANT VECTORS

48
Q

Includes:
○ Poxviruses (vaccinia)
○ Adenoviruses

A

RECOMBINANT VECTORS

49
Q

VACCINE TYPE

● Developed quickly using the pathogen’s genetic code.
● Change the mRNA formulation to target a new antigen.

A

mRNA VACCINE

50
Q

Non-replicating
In vivo self-replicating
In vivo dendritic cell non-replicating

A

RNA-Based

51
Q

Tuberculosis
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
Measles
Rotavirus
Yellow fever

A

Live Attenuated (LAV)

52
Q

Whole-cell pertussis (wP)
Inactivated poliovirus (IPV)

A

Inactivated

53
Q

Acellular pertussis (aP)
Hib
Pneumococcal (PCV-7/10/13)
Hepatitis B

A

Subunit

54
Q

Tetanus toxoid (TT)
Diphtheria toxoid

A

Toxoid

[mt 6314] pharmacology & toxicology (20 decks)

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