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Intro To Opto > Final Exam Peavc > Flashcards

Final Exam Peavc Flashcards

1
Q

Is defined as a condition in which the refractive status of one eye different from that the other

A

ANISOMETROPIA

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2
Q

The condition in which the refractive status is equal in the two eyes

A

ISOMETROPIA

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3
Q

A form of anisometropia in which one eye is myopic and the other is hyperopic

A

ANTIMETROPIA

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4
Q

Anisometropia is has 3 generally classified

A

BY TYPE
By DEGREE
BY ETIOLOGY

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5
Q

By type
Different amount of the same error of refraction

A

ANISOMETROPIA

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6
Q

By type
Different types of errors such as hyperopia vs myopia or spherical vs astigmatic.

A

ANTIMETROPIA

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7
Q

By degree
Difference in error totaling no more than 2.00D

A

LOW

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8
Q

ANISOMETROPIA IS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK AND MADE UP OF FOUR PARTS

A

AN-NOT
ISO-EQUAL
METR-MEASURE
OPIA-VISION

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9
Q

THE CONDITION IN WHICH THE TWO EYES UNEQUAL REFRACTIVE POWER.ONE EYE MAY BE MARKEDLY STRONGER THAN THE OTHER

A

ANISOMETROPIA OR ASYMMETROPIA

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10
Q

By etiology
This occurs because of differential growth of the eyeball of both eyes. It is hereditary in origin.

A

CONGENITAL ANISOMETROPIA

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11
Q

Created by trauma, pathology,or the results of systematic changes.
-uniocular aphakia, wrong IOL power, trauma, keratoplasty

A

Acquired anisometropia

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12
Q

It is a condition in which the refractive power of the two eyes is unequal

A

Absolute anisometropia

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13
Q

It is a type of REFRACTIVE anomaly in which although the total refraction of the two eyes is equal the components elements in each show relatively large differences. In other words the total refraction of the two eyes can be equal but the axial lenght may be different

A

Relative anisometropia

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14
Q

Type of absolute anisometropia

A

-simple
-compound
-mixed
-simple astigmatic anisometropia
-compound astigmatic anisometropia

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15
Q

One eye is normal and the other is either hypermetropic or myopic

A

Simple anisometropia

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16
Q

Both eyes are ametropic either hyperopic or myopic ;but one eye has a higher refractive error

A

Compound

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17
Q

Both eyes are ametropic, one eye is hyperopic and the other is myopic.

A

Mixed ANTIMETROPIA

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18
Q

When one eye is normal and the other has either myopic or hyperopic astigmatism

A

Simple astigmatic anisometropia

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19
Q

When both eyes are astigmatic but of unequal degree

A

Compound astigmatic anisometropia

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20
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES:
Small degree of anisometropia.
If there is a difference of more than 5D between the two eyes the patient loses binocularity

A

Binocular vision

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21
Q

If the ANISOMETROPIA IS HIGH AND THE EYES HAVE A GOOD VISUAL ACUITY,THE PATIENTS GETS INTO THE HABIT OF USING THE HYPERMETROPIC EYE FOR DISTANCE AND THE MYOPIC EYE FOR NEAR VISION

A

ALTERNATING VISION

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22
Q

If the defect is one eye is high and if its visual acuity is not good, the eye can be excluded altogether from vision and the eye becomes amblyopic

A

Amblyopia

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23
Q

A concomitant convergent squint occurs in children with the eye having the defect becoming convergent

A

Strabismus

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24
Q

Is a serious concern in newborns and young children because it can lead to amblyopia (impaired vision in one eye) with a major degree of anisometropia the brain cannot reconcile the difference in images coming from two eyes it develops a preference for the image coming from one eye suppresses the image from the other eye and in time the brain loses the ability to see the image from the suppressed eyes

A

ANISOMETROPIA

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25
Q

This is commonly referred to as lazy eye,this is when a child has reduced vision in one of their eyes because during childhood they have not used that eye adequately.

A

Amblyopia

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26
Q

This is when a person is not able to align both of their eyes under normal conditions simultaneously and is referred as being cross eyed.

A

Strabismus

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27
Q

This is when a person has double vision

A

DIPLOPIA

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28
Q

Symptoms of anisometropia

A

Amblyopia
Strabismus
Diplopia
Eye strain
Headaches
Sensitivity to light
Complexity in reading
Nausea
Fainting
Sheer tiredness
Their depth perception is impaired

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29
Q

Causes:
There are many different reasons why a person can have anisometropia

A

-an uneven growth in both eyes
-during cataract surgery there is miscalculation of Lens power
-inborn defects in the eye

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30
Q

Is a clinical test mainly used for assessing a patient’s degree of binocular vision and binocular single vision.

A

Worth’s fours dot test or w4LT

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31
Q

-Is also used in detection of suppression of either the right or left eye.
-suppression occurs during binocular vision when the brain does not process the information received from either of the eyes. This is a common adaptation to strabismus, amblyopia and aniseikonia

A

WORTH FOUR LIGHT TEST

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32
Q

When light is transmitted though the transparent portion of the eye and reflects off the retina,creating a reddish orange reflection in the eyes.

A

Red reflex

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33
Q

Because iSCREEN VISION TECHNOLOGY

A

Photoscreening

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34
Q

Photoscreening used to detect

A

ANISOMETROPIA

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35
Q

The corrective spectacles can be tolerated up to maximum difference of 4D. Higher than that,diplopia may occur.

A

Spectacles

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36
Q

Advised for higher degrees of anisometropia

A

Contact lens

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37
Q

For uniocular aphakia

A

IOL IMPLANTATION

38
Q

For unilateral high myopia, astigmatism and HYPERMETROPIA

A

Refractive corneal surgery

39
Q

Treatment for anisometropia

A

-spectacles
-contact lenses
-Refractive laser or lasik laser
-phakic IOL
-clear lens extraction with the implantation of iol

40
Q

It is a binocular condition so the image in one eye is perceived as different in size compared to the image in the other eye

A

Aniseikonia

41
Q

Unequal greek

A

Aniseikonia

42
Q

Commented upon the probability of unequal image sizes (1864)

A

Donders

43
Q

Discussed the possibility (1903)

A

C.Hess

44
Q

Designed iseikonic lenses for aniseikonia

A

Von rohr

45
Q

Condition in which the size and shape of the ocular images are equal

A

ISEIKONIA

46
Q

Condition in which ocular images are unequal in size and shape

A

Aniseikonia

47
Q

Lenses which correct aniseikonia and include also the correction of REFRACTIVE error

A

Iseikonic lenses

48
Q

-eyes are gazing in a certain direction
-images are different in size

A

Static aniseikonia

49
Q

-(OPTICALLY INDUCED) ANISOPHORIA
-EYES HAVE TO ROTATE A DIFFERENT AMOUNT TO GAZE AT THE SAME POINT IN SPACE

A

DYNAMIC ANISEIKONIA

50
Q

-The size of one ocular image is symmetrically larger that the other.

A

(Symmetrical) overall

51
Q

The size of one ocular image is symmetrically larger that the other in one meridian only.
i. Axis 90
ii. Axis 180
iii. AXis oblique

A

(symmetrical) meridional

52
Q

Combination of overall and meridional is manisfested.

A

(symmetrical) Compound

53
Q

Variation in size differ from different positions of visual field

A

ASYMMETRICAL

54
Q

Image distortion increases progressively in both directions

A

PINCUSHION

55
Q

Image distortion decreases progressively in both directions

A

Barrel

56
Q

Image difference increases progressively in one direction

A

Prismatic

57
Q

Image size remains the same but there occurs an oblique distortion of shape

A

OBLIQUE

58
Q

Utilized the classification

A

David 1959

59
Q

Asymmetric convergence and stereoscopic disparities exists when viewing the object located to one side

A

Normal

60
Q

Asymmetric

A

-Pincushion or barrel
-ever increasing magnification towards the apex of a prsim

61
Q

Symmetric

A

-overall
-meridional
-compound

62
Q

Based on binocular space perception

A

Space eikonometric method

63
Q

Based on directly comparing perceived image sizes between the tow eyes

A

Direct comparison method

64
Q

The direct comparison uses as a target a cross with a small white disc at the center of a black square at its intersection

A

SPACE EIKONOMETER

65
Q

The patient wears _________ so that each set of arrows i is seen by _______.
If the px has _________, one set of arrows will not appear aligned with the _____

A

Polarizing lenses
One eye,
Aniseikonia
Other

66
Q

Aniseikonia:RE IMAGE
SMALLER HORIZONTAL. MERIDIONAL

A

Correction: R % % 90

67
Q

ANiseikonia:RE image
Smaller overall

A

Correction: RE % O.A

68
Q

One or more meridians can be measured by means of an adjustable magnifying device before one eye

A

Aneiseikonia

69
Q

One or more meridians can be measured by means of an adjustable magnifying device before one eye

A

Aneiseikonia

70
Q

3 commercially available direct comparison

A

New aniseikonia test (awaya test)
Basic aniseikonia test (,version 1)
Aniseikonia inspector (version 3)

71
Q

The awaya test for aniseikonia provides a manual method to detect and calibrate the aniseikonia condition

A

New aniseikonia test

72
Q

An easy to use windows software program to test the aniseikonia of a patient

A

Basic aniseikonia test ( version 1)

73
Q

An easy to use windows software program to test the aniseikonia of a patient

A

Basic aniseikonia test ( version 1)

74
Q

-A windows software program for the clinical management of aniseikonia.
-an advance aniseikonia test
-a design tool to calculate correcting prescription (aniseikonia and anisophoria correction)

A

Aniseikonia inspector (version 3)

75
Q

Symptoms of aniseikonia

A

-headache
-asthenopia
-photophobia
-reading difficulty
-nausea
-nervousness
-motility
-vertigo and dizziness
-general fatigue

76
Q

Symptoms of aniseikonia

A

-headache
-asthenopia
-photophobia
-reading difficulty
-nausea
-nervousness
-motility
-vertigo and dizziness
-general fatigue

77
Q

-Unilateral or less commonly;
-Bilateral reduction of best corrected visual acuity that can not be attributed dorectly to the effect of any structural abnormality of the eye or the posterior visual pathway. Defect of central vision

A

AMBLYOPIA

78
Q

Primarily a defect of central vision

A

AMBLYOPIA

79
Q

Classifications of AMBLYOPIA

A

-strabismic amblyopia
-anisometropic amblyopia
-amblyopia due to bilateral high refractive error (isometropia)
-stimulus deprivation amblyopia

80
Q

-most common form of amblyopia
-to result from competitive or inhibitory interaction between neurons carrying the nonfusible from two eyes.
-which leads to domination of cortical vision center by fixating eye and chronically reduced responsiveness to nonfixating eye input.

A

Strabismic amblyopia

81
Q

-second in frequency
-it develops when unequal refractive error in the two eye causes the image on the on retina to chronically defocused.
-this condition is thought to result:

A

Anisometropia amblyopia

82
Q

-second in frequency
-it develops when unequal refractive error in the two eye causes the image on the on retina to chronically defocused.
-this condition is thought to result:

A

Anisometropia amblyopia

83
Q

Mild hyperopic or astigmatic anisometropia

A

1-2D mild amblyopia

84
Q

1-2D-> mild amblyopia

A

Mild hyperopic or astigmatic amblyopia

85
Q

Less than 3D usually doesn’t cause amblyopia

A

mild myopia anisometropia

86
Q

Less than 3D usually doesn’t cause amblyopia

A

mild myopia anisometropia

87
Q

6D -> severe amblyopia visual loss

A

Unilateral high myopia

88
Q

Result from large approximately equal uncorrected refractive error in both eyes of young child

A

isometropic amblyopia

89
Q

Result from large approximately equal uncorrected refractive error in both eyes of young child

A

isometropic amblyopia

90
Q

Risk-> bilateral amblyopia

A

Hyperopia exceeding 5D and myopia 10 D

91
Q

Risk-> bilateral amblyopia

A

Hyperopia exceeding 5D and myopia 10 D

92
Q

Uncorrected bilateral astigmatism in early childhood may result in loss of resolving ability limited to chronically blurred meridians.

A

Meridional Amblyopia

Intro To Opto (9 decks)

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