Essay Questions- Unit 4

Question 1

Components of respiratory membrane

Answer 1

Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles, which enter alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli), which have an alveolar duct running through them. Type I (simp sq) is most gas exchange, Type II (cuboidal) make surfactant. Premature babies often lack this.

Respiratory Membrane-
- Type I alveolar cell
- Shared basal lamina (areolar CT)
- Endothelial cell (capillary)

(gasses flow towards concentration gradient)

Question 2

Trace the path of food from mouth to stomach

Answer 2

Food is chewed (mastication) by teeth, before being swallowed (deglutition) with pharyngeal constrictor muscles. It enters pharynx, then esophagus (bolus), where it undergoes segmentation and peristalsis by the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa. of the Upper esophageal sphincter prevents air from entering digestive tract. Gastroesophageal sphincter isn’t true sphincter, just thickening of end of esophageal sphincter.

Question 3

What happens in the duodenum?

Answer 3

Acidic chyme passes through pyloric sphincter into duodenum.

Bile duct from liver and gallbladder- Bile salts, prevent stuff from coming back together

Epithelium of main pancreatic duct- Bicarbonate (basic)

Accessory pancreatic duct acini- Digestive enzymes

Question 4

Trace path of filtrate to urine

Answer 4

Glomerulus (fenestrated capillary, no cells/proteins pass through)- Prox convoluted tubule- Loop of henle- Distal conv tubule- collecting duct- papillary duct (cut off point)- Calyxes (tubes off renal pyramids)- Ureter

Question 5

Trace path of sperm through male reproductive system

Answer 5

Seminiferous tubule- Spermatids made by spermatogonia. Sertoli cells make barrier between father and sperm.

Rete Testes- Spermatids are concentrated

Epididymis- 20 days to fully mature

Travel up Vas Deferens into abdomen, ejaculatory duct, and then to prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra.