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Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintainance > export_basic concepts of radiation > Flashcards

export_basic concepts of radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles which can cause ionization?

A

Radiation

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2
Q

How radiation enters through the body?

A
  • Inhalation
  • Ingestion
  • Absorption
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3
Q

A stream of particles or electromagnetic waves are emitted from atoms of radioactive substances as a result of?

A

Nuclear Decay

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4
Q

Sources of radiation?

A
  • Cosmic
  • Terrestrial
  • Internal Radionuclides
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5
Q

Natural background radiation which originates from outer space?

A

Cosmic Background Radiation

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6
Q

What sends a constant stream of cosmic radiation?

A

Sun and Stars

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7
Q

Small variation in temperature of background radiation?

A

Anisotropies

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8
Q

Radioactive material found throughout nature like soil, water and vegetation?

A

Terrestrial Radiation.

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9
Q

Common Terrestrial radioactive elements?

A

Thorium and Uranium.

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10
Q

Radioactive gas that is inhaled?

A

Radon

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11
Q

Major isotopes of concern for terrestrial radiation?

A

Uranium, and the decay products.

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12
Q

Decay products of Uranium?

A

Thorium, Radium, Radon.

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13
Q

Naturally occurring radioactive gas which can accumulate in closed places?

A

Radon

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14
Q

When an unstable atom breaks down, the nucleus turns into?

A

Daughter Products

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15
Q

Locations which have higher concentrations of uranium and thorium have higher?

A

Dose levels.

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16
Q

Give the common examples of internal radionuclides in our body?

A

K40 C14 Pb210

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17
Q

Primary source of radiation from the human body?

A

K40

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18
Q

Amount of radioactive K40 in a 70kg person?

A

5000Bq

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19
Q

Unit which symbolizes the number of atoms undergoing radioactive decay every second?

A

Becquerels

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20
Q

Sources of C14

A

Plant based food.

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21
Q

Name the two groups of man exposed to radiation?

A
  • Members of the Public

* Occupationally Exposed Individuals

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22
Q

Sources of man made radiation that expose the public?

A
  • Medical Procedures
  • Consumer Products
  • Nuclear Fuel Cycle
  • Shipment of radioactive materials
  • Nuclear weapons residue.
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23
Q

Most significant exposure to man made radiation comes from?

A

Medical Procedures.

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24
Q

Some isotopes used in medical imaging?

A

I 131 Tc 99m Co 60 Ir 192 Cs 137

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25
Q

Radioactive substance in tobacco?

A

Thorium

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26
Q

Radioactive substance in watches?

A

Tritium

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27
Q

Radioactive substance in Smoke detectors?

A

Americium

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28
Q

Radioactive material in lantern Mantles?

A

Thorium

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29
Q

Worst nuclear accidents?

A

Chernobyl and Fukushima

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30
Q

Where was Chernobyl?

A

Ukraine

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31
Q

Some isotopes which which affect radiation workers?

A

U, Co 60 Cs 137 Am 241

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32
Q

How is radiation exposure monitored?

A

Dosimeters

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33
Q

Two basic types of radiation?

A
  • Particulate Radiation

* Electromagnetic Radiation

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34
Q

A stream of atomic or subatomic particles which carry energy?

A

Particulate Radiation

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35
Q

Forms of energy subatomic particles carry?

A
  • Kinetic Energy

* Mass in Motion

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36
Q

Two properties of subatomic particles?

A
  • Energy

* Mass

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37
Q

Alternative name for particle radiation?

A

Corpuscular Radiation.

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38
Q

Type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of unstable atoms. It is heavy, high energy consisting of 2 protons and two neutrons?

A

Alpha particles.

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39
Q

Subatomic particle identical to helium nucleus.

A

Alpha particles.

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40
Q

Who discovered the alpha particle?

A

Ernest Rutherford.

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41
Q

When did Ernest Rutherford discover the alpha particle?

A

1899.

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42
Q

What atom was Ernest Rutherford working with when he discovered the alpha particle?

A

Uranium.

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43
Q

Velocity of alpha particles?

A

one twentieth the speed of light.

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44
Q

What is the speed of light?

A

3.8 x 108 m/s

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45
Q

Atomic number of naturally occurring alpha emitters?

A

82 above.

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46
Q

2 alpha emitters used in industrial processes?

A
  • Radium 226
  • Polonium 210
  • Americium 241
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47
Q

Use of Radium 226?

A

Treat cancer.

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48
Q

Use of Polonium 210?

A

Static Eliminator.

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49
Q

High velocity particle with the charge of -1.

A

Beta Particles

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50
Q

Meaning of Beta?

A

High speed.

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51
Q

Mass of beta particles?

A

549 millionth of one amu.

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52
Q

Mass of beta particle compared to protons or neutrons?

A

1/2000

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53
Q

Who discovered beta particles?

A

Henri Becquerel

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54
Q

When did Henri Becquerel discover the beta particle?

A

1900

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55
Q

Beta particles are identical to?

A

Electrons.

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56
Q

Factor which affects speed of beta particles?

A

Energy

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57
Q

Used to treat thyroid disorders?

A

Iodine 131

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58
Q

Used in biology and genetics research?

A

Phosphorus 32

59
Q

Radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural studies?

A

Strontium 90

60
Q

Used to ensure safety of potential new drugs?

A

Tritium.

61
Q

Used to treat cancers?

A

Radium 226

62
Q

Used as a static eliminator?

A

Polonium 210

63
Q

Used in some smoke detectors?

A

Americium 241

64
Q

Used as a dating tool?

A

Carbon 14

65
Q

How many years can carbon 14 date?

A

30,000 years

66
Q

A particle with no charge with about the same mass as a proton?

A

Neutron.

67
Q

Who discovered the Neutron?

A

James Chadwick

68
Q

When was the neutron discovered?

A

1932

69
Q

High speed nuclear particles that have exceptional ability to penetrate other materials?

A

Neutrons

70
Q

Only particle which can make other objects radioactive?

A

Neutrons.

71
Q

Process of neutron emission which causes other objects to become radioactive?

A

Neutron activation.

72
Q

Type of container which can contain neutron emitters?

A

Thick hydrogen containing materials.

73
Q

Type of radiation where neutrons are emitted?

A

Neutron Radiation.

74
Q

Most neutron radiation occurs in?

A

Nuclear Reactors.

75
Q

Antimatter counterpart of the electron?

A

Positron.

76
Q

Alternative name for positron?

A

Antielectron

77
Q

Charge and mass of positron?

A

+1, same as electron.

78
Q

Occurs when low energy positron collides with low energy electron.

A

Annihilation.

79
Q

Product of annihilation?

A

Two or more gamma ray photons.

80
Q

How to produce gamma ray photons?

A

Annihilation.

81
Q

The two who contributed to the discovery of positrons?

A
  • Carl D. Anderson

* Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

82
Q

Pure energy with no mass and is like vibrating or pulsating waves of electrical and magnetic energy?

A

Electromagnetic Radiation.

83
Q

Produced by vibrating electric charges, as a result have both electric and magnetic components?

A

Electromagnetic Radiation.

84
Q

How are electromagnetic radiation produced?

A

Vibrating electric Charge.

85
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation consists of both?

A

Electric and Magnetic Components

86
Q

Acts like small packets of energy

A

Photon.

87
Q

How electromagnetic radiation travels?

A

Wave like pattern in straight lines.

88
Q

Difference between electromagnetic radiation?

A

Amount of energy found in photons.

89
Q

Types of electromagnetic radiation?

A
  • Radiowaves
  • Microwaves
  • Infrared
  • Visible Light
  • Ultraviolet Light
  • X-rays
  • Gamma Rays
90
Q

Range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends?

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum.

91
Q

Have the longest wavelength and carry signals for television and phones?

A

Radiowaves.

92
Q

Length of Long microwaves?

A

Foot long.

93
Q

Two types of Microwaves?

A

Longer and Shorter Microwaves

94
Q

Microwaves used to heat food?

A

Longer Microwaves

95
Q

Microwaves used in remote sensing, radar.

A

Shorter Microwaves.

96
Q

Lies between the visible and the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Infrared.

97
Q

Primary source of IR?

A

Heat or thermal radiation.

98
Q

How is thermal radiation produced?

A

Motion of atoms and molecules.

99
Q

Three categories of infrared?

A
  • Near Infrared
  • Mid Infrared
  • Far Infrared
100
Q

Refers to the part of the infrared spectrum closest to visible light?

A

Near-Infrared

101
Q

Refers to the region of infrared closer to the microwave region.

A

Far-Infrared.

102
Q

Refers to the region of infrared in-between near and far?

A

Mid-Infrared

103
Q

How is energy of electromagnetic radiation measured?

A

Electron volts (eV)

104
Q

As the frequency of photons increases?

A

Energy in each photon increases.

105
Q

As frequency increases?

A

Wavelength decreases.

106
Q

Tends to deposit energy at localized range?

A

Directly Ionizing Radiation

107
Q

Deposits energy along the whole path?

A

Indirectly Ionizing Radiation

108
Q

Parts of a wave?

A

Crest, Trough

109
Q

Formula of frequency and wavelength.

A

v= λf

110
Q

Properties of a wave?

A
  • Frequency
  • Wavelength
  • Energy
111
Q

Number of Oscillations per unit time?

A

Frequency

112
Q

Usual identifier for frequency?

A

Cycles per Second (cps)

113
Q

Frequency is represented by?

A

Nu ν

114
Q

Unit of measurement for frequency?

A

Hertz

115
Q

Distance of one crest to another?

A

Wavelength.

116
Q

Shape of wave?

A

Sine wave.

117
Q

Greek Letter representing wavelength?

A

λ (Lambda)

118
Q

Unit of measurement for wavelength?

A

Angstrom (Å)

119
Q

One angstrom Unit is?

A

10 -10 m

120
Q

1 nm is equal to how many Angstroms?

A

10 Å

121
Q

1 nm is equal to how many meters?

A

10-9

122
Q

When ionizing photons interact with materials setting free a single electron.

A

Indirectly Ionizing Radiation.

123
Q

All directly ionizing radiation must be moving at?

A

Relativistic Speeds.

124
Q

A large transfer event from primary charged particle to an electron of medium, resulting in production of relatively energetic secondary electron produces?

A

Delta ray

125
Q

Delta rays produce?

A

Multiple Ionization events

126
Q

Radiation with enough energy so that during interaction with an atom, it removes tightly bound electrons from orbit.

A

Ionizing Radiation.

127
Q

Only electromagnetic waves visible to human eyes.

A

Visible Light

128
Q

Which of the visible light spectrum has the longest wavelength?

A

Red

129
Q

Which of the visible light spectrum has the shortest wavelength?

A

Violet.

130
Q

Plastic object which breaks white light apart?

A

Prism.

131
Q

Shorter wavelength than visible light?

A

Ultraviolet.

132
Q

Three regions of UV?

A
  • Near UV
  • Far UV
  • Extreme UV
133
Q

Closest region of UV to optical or visible light?

A

Near UV.

134
Q

UV region closest to X-rays?

A

Extreme UV

135
Q

Most energetic region of UV?

A

Extreme UV

136
Q

Lies between the near and extreme UV regions?

A

Far UV.

137
Q

Only part of UV which can ionize?

A

Extreme UV.

138
Q

Smaller wavelength compared to UV?

A

X-rays

139
Q

Who discovered X-rays?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.

140
Q

When did Roentgen discover X-rays?

A

November 8, 1895, Friday Late afternoon.

141
Q

Smallest wavelength, with the most energy.

A

Gamma Rays

142
Q

Generated by nuclear explosions?

A

Gamma rays.

143
Q

Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms around causing them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons.

A

Non ionizing radiation.

144
Q

Range of non ionizing radiation?

A

100 Hz or less.

Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintainance (9 decks)

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