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Medicine AMK knowledge > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are two most common causes of hypercalcaemia?

A

Malignancy and primary hyperparathyroid

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2
Q

What are the features of hypercalcaemia?

A

Bones, stones, groans and moans

Corneal calcification

Shortened QT on ECG

HTN

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3
Q

What are the common causes of hyperkalaemia?

A

AKI
Metabolic acidosis
Addisons disease
Rhabdomyolysis
Massive blood transfusion

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4
Q

How is hyperkalaemia managed?

A

IV calcium gluconate
Insulin/ dextrose
Remove K+ from body - calcium resonium oral or enema, loop diuretic, dialysis

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5
Q

What are the common causes of hypenatraemia?

A

Dehydration
Osmotic diuresis
Diabetes insipidus
Excess IV saline

Correct with caution - no faster than 0.5mmol/hr (cerebral oedema)

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6
Q

What are the common causes of hypocalcaemia?

A

Vit D deficiency (osteomalacia)
CKD
Hypoparathyroidism (post thyroid/parathyroid surgery)
Psuedohypoparathyroidism (target cells insensitive to PTH)
Rhabdo (early stages)
Mg deficiency (due to end organ PTH resistance)
Acute pancreatitis

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7
Q

How is hypocalcaemia managed?

A

IV calcium gluconate 10ml/10%/10mins
ECG monitoring

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8
Q

What are the features of hypocalcaemia?

A

Neuromuscular excitability:
Tetany- muscle twitching, cramping, spasm
ECG - prolonged QT
Perioral paraesthesia

Trosseau’s sign
Chrostek’s sign

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9
Q

What are the signs of hypokalaemia on ECG?

A

Prolonged PR
Inverted T waves
Prominent U waves

Predisposes to digoxin toxicity

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10
Q

What are the common causes of hypokalaemia and acidosis?

A

Diarrhoea
Renal tubular acidosis
Acetazolimide
Partially treated DKA

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11
Q

What are the common causes of hypokalaemia and alkalosis?

A

Vomiting
Thiazide and loop diuretics
Cushings syndrome
Conns syndrome

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12
Q

Which other electrolyte abnormality presents similarly to hypomagnasaemia?

A

Hypocalcaemia

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13
Q

What are the features of hypomagnasaemia?

A

Parasthaesia
Tetany
Seizures
Arrythmias
Exacerbates digoxin toxicity

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14
Q

What are the common causes of hypomagnasaemia?

A

TPN
Diarrhoea
Alcohol
Hypokalaemia
Hypercalcaemia
Metabolic disorders eg gitlemens or bartters

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15
Q

What is the treatment for hypomagnasaemia?

A

<4.0mmol/l IV Mg (40mmol/24hrs)
>0.4mmol/l oral Mg salts (10-20mmol/day)

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16
Q

Acute pancreatitis may cause imbalance of which electrolyte?

A

Hypocalcaemia

Medicine AMK knowledge (24 decks)

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