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Organic Chemistry > 16.1 Practical Techniques in Organic Chemistry & 16.2 Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

16.1 Practical Techniques in Organic Chemistry & 16.2 Synthetic Routes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 steps to purify an organic product?

A
  1. Separating funnel
  2. Drying agent
  3. Redistilllation
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2
Q

What is a separating funnel used for?

A
  • It is used to separate the organic and aqueous layers in organic synthesis
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3
Q

How do separating funnels work?

A
  • Make sure the tap is closed
  • Pour the mixture into the separating funnel, put on the stopper and invert it to mix the layers, and then leave them to settle
  • In order to tell the layers apart, you add water- the aqueous layer will increase in size
  • Place a conical flask underneath the separating funnel, and use it to collect the lower (more dense) layer, and repeat for the other layer
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4
Q

What other part of the purification process happens inside the separating funnel?

A
  • Removing acid impurities that may exist due to your preparation method
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5
Q

How do you remove acid impurities?

A
  • Add aqueous sodium carbonate and shake in the separating funnel
  • Hold the funnel upside down
  • Any acid will react with sodium carbonate and release carbon dioxide
  • Slowly open the tap to release gas
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6
Q

Out of the two products, which is the desired product, and what has to be done as a result?

A
  • The organic product
  • Water has to be removed
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7
Q

How is water removed from the organic product?

A
  • You add a drying agent, which is an anhydrous salt (it therefore takes up the water to become hydrated)
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8
Q

Give 3 examples of drying agents.

A
  • Anhydrous calcium sulfate
  • Anhydrous magnesium sulfate
  • Anhydrous calcium chloride
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9
Q

Why do you distill the organic product?

A
  • Some organic products have similar boiling points, so this removes any impurities
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10
Q

What can alkanes react to form?

A
  • Haloalkanes
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11
Q

Alkane to haloalkane. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Conditions: UV
  • Reactants: alkane and halogen
  • Mechanism: radical substitution
  • Initiation:
    Br-Br -UV-> ·Br + ·Br
    (- Homolytic fission)
  • Propagation:
    ·Br + CH4 -> ·CH3 + HBr
    ·CH3 + Br2 -> CH3Br + ·Br
    Termination:
    ·Br + ·Br -> Br2
    ·CH3 + ·CH3 -> C2H6
    ·CH3 + ·Br -> CH3Br
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12
Q

What can alkenes react to form?

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alcohols
  • Haloalkanes
  • Dihaloalkanes
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13
Q

Alkene to alcohol. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: alkene and steam
  • Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) catalyst (or concentrated sulfuric acid)
  • > 100°C (already indicated if you said steam/ wrote the gas state symbol)
  • Positional isomerism is possible
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14
Q

Alkene to alkane. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: alkene and hydrogen
  • Nickel catalyst
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15
Q

Alkene to haloalkane. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: alkene and hydrogen halide (can be concentrated hydrochloric/ hydrobromic acid)
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Mechanism: electrophilic addition
  • Positional isomerism is possible, Markownikoff’s rule
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16
Q

Alkene to dihaloalkane. Reactants, conditions and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: alkene and halogen
  • Conditions: room temperature, no catalyst
  • Mechanism: electrophilic addition
17
Q

What can alcohols react to form?

A
  • Aldehydes
  • Carboxylic acids
  • Ketones
  • Alkenes
  • Haloalkanes
18
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde. Reactants, reagents, conditions, products and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: primary alcohol and [O]
  • Reagents: H+ and Cr2O7^2-
  • Conditions: heat and distill, K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
  • Aldehyde and H2O
19
Q

Alcohol to carboxylic acid. Reactants, reagents, conditions, products and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: primary alcohol and 2[O]
  • Reagents: H+ and Cr2O7^2-
  • Conditions: heat under reflux, K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
  • Carboxylic acid and H2O
20
Q

Alcohol to ketone. Reactants, reagents, conditions, products and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: secondary alcohol and [O]
  • Reagents: H+ and Cr2O7^2-
  • Conditions: heat under reflux, K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
  • Ketone and H2O
21
Q

Alcohol to alkene. Reactants, conditions, products and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactant: alcohol
  • Conditions: phosphoric acid catalyst (or concentrated sulfuric acid), heat under reflux
  • Products: alkene and water
22
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane. Reactants, conditions, products and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Reactants: alcohol, sulfuric acid and sodium halide
  • Conditions: heat under reflux
  • Products: haloalkane, sodium hydrogen sulfate and water
23
Q

What can haloalkanes react to form?

A
  • Alcohols
24
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol. Conditions, products and mechanism if applicable.

A
  • Conditions: aqueous sodium hydroxide, heat under reflux
  • Products: alcohol and sodium halide
  • Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

Organic Chemistry (16 decks)

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