1629-1640 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Historiography of the Personal Rule
> Whig - Gardiner - Eleven Years Tyranny
Revisionist - Sharpe - some creative reform
Privy Council during Personal Rule
> Became more important within gov
Key members - Laud, Weston & Windebank
Court of Star Chamber
> Enforced Charles’ rule
Made up of Privy Councillors chosen by Charles
Held in private
Defendants could be imprisoned but not executed
Court of High Commission
> Used to enforce conformity within the church
Used by Laud
Sentenced by Star Chamber
Book of Orders
> 1631
Listed actions and roles to be taken by JPs & Sheriffs
- Gentry resented central interference, cost and time involved
+ Charles tried to improve efficiency of local gov
Court
> Formal and remote
Masques and “Catholic” art
Catholic/Arminian e.g. Papal agents George Con & George Panzani
Court vs country
“Conspiracy mentality”
Cut Expenditure
> Peace with France - 1629 Treaty of Suza
Peace with Spain - 1630 Treaty of Madrid
Weston cut court costs
Ship Money
> 1634 levied in coastal areas
1635 levied countrywide
Charles claimed necessary as a national emergency
Created discontent but 34-38 90% collected
Opposition e.g. Hampden
Tonnage & Poundage
> Continued to collect without parliamentary approval
1631-5 £270,000pa collected
1635 new Book of Rates issued - raised amount paid - late 1630s £425,000pa
Use of Extra Parliamentary, Old Taxes
> Distraint of Knighthood, £175,000 raised by 1635
Monopolies e.g. Soap - Popish Soap £33,000
Forest fines - £38,667
Created discontent
Laudianism
> Description of policies of Archbishop Laud
Anti-predestination
Emphasis on ritual and ceremony rather than preaching & the bible
Created opposition from the largely Calvinist population
Laudian Changes
> Communion table moved & railed off
Ceremony
Use of music
Vestments
Removal of gentry pews
Ban of Feoffes of Impropriations
1640s Convocation published Canons stating measures including et cetera oath
Book of Sports
> Reissued in 1633
Listed activities which could be carried out on Sunday e.g. Morris dancing
Puritans saw this as an attack on Sabbatarianism
Wentworth (Strafford)
> Initially a critic of Charles’ policies e.g. arrested for not paying Forced Loan in 1627
Idea of “Thorough” in Ireland - increase royal authority and impose uniformity
Financial Policy in Ireland
> Aim - allow crown to profit from Ireland
New Book of Rates - 1633-40 income doubled to £80,000pa
Fine levied on City of London for lack of development on land owned there - £70,000
1634 Irish Parliament granted 6 subsidies (£120,000) in return for grievances addressed (didn’t happen)
Plantations extended
Crown’s right to disputed land established
Fines on New English e.g. Richard Boyle fined £15,000
Religious Policy in Ireland
> Imposition of Laudianism
Caused problems in the complexity of Irish religion
John Bramhall appointed Bishop of Londonderry in 1634
1634 Irish Convocation adopted 39 articles
Political Policy in Ireland
> Impose authority of crown on Ireland
Wentworth manipulated Parliament - subsidies were agreed but grievances e.g. Graces not addressed
Attacks on New English elite e.g. Lord Mountnorris accused of Treason
Scotland - Act of Revocation
> 1625
Land taken from Scottish nobility
Historical precedent but used by Charles on a much wider scale
United opposition from Scottish nobility
Led to 1627 Committee for Surrenders
Government of Scotland
> Charles - absentee king - didn’t visit until 1633
Anglo-centric
9 member of Scottish Privy Council - English
Main advisors - Menteith, Lennox & Hamilton seen as pro-English
Religious Policy in Scotland
> Aim - enforce Laudian conformity and strengthen the church including financially and role of Bishops
Scotland largely Presbyterian
“Catholic” coronation 1633
Canons 1633 - altar moved, surplice to be worn and no improvised prayer
Canons imposed by Royal Prerogative
1637 Laudian Prayer book - seen as Catholic
The Hampden Case
> 1637
Charles took Hampden to court for non-payment of Ship Money
12 judges found 7 to 5 in Charles’ favour
Made it difficult to collect Ship Money for a while
Prynne, Bastwick & Burton
> 1637 brought before Star Chamber
Criticised Laud’s policies
Fined £5000, imprisoned for life, publicly ears cropped
Outcry due to their professional status
Their punishment got more publicity than their pamphlet
Parishioners at St Gregory’s Church
> 1633
Opposed moving of Communion Table
Brought before Privy Council
John Lilburne
> 1638
Printed unlicensed literature criticising Laud’s policies
Brought before Star Chamber
Fined, whipped, pilloried and imprisonment
Continues to write
