Recognizing Pseudoscience

Question 1

Characteristics of pseudoscience

Answer 1

1. Associates itself with real science (i.e., scientific language), but does not use scientific methods
2. Relies on anecdotal evidence or rumors (anecdotes constantly repeated) to support claims [no control data]
3. Denies falsification- rationalizes errors or counter evidence
4. Makes bold statements or claims
5. Focuses on WHO is making a claim against, not EVIDENCE for claim against
   - > by discrediting claimant
   - > by relying on “authority” to support their science with testimonial claim
6. Over interprets coincidences; hasty generalizations
7. Reduces complexity to simplicity
   - > ex. personality analysis via handwriting
8. Relies on after-the-fact (post hoc) reasoning
   - > ANYTHING can be “explained” AFTER it happens
9. Relies on false dichotomies (either-or reasoning)
10. Assumes currently unexplained phenomena are inexplicable by science
11. Relies on emotional or false analogies
    - > ex. schizophrenia is like a violent storm, and will eventually pass
    - –> an analogy is NOT EVIDENCE!

Question 2

Phrenology

Answer 2

Shape of skull -> personality

Question 3

Rules for evaluating information

Answer 3

What is the evidence?
Consider the source
What else is varying at the same time that could explain a phenomenon (confound)?