1646-1649

Question 1

Give three events between November-December which acted as a catalyst for a renewed period of war

Answer 1

Charles’ escape from his imprisonment at Hampton Court - 11th Nov, escaped to the Isle of Wight to Carisbrooke castle (imprisoned there)

The 4 Bills

Charles’ secret negotiations with the Scots

Question 2

When were the 4 bills and what did they propose

Answer 2

Dec 1647

1) Parliament control military for 20 years
2) Prevented Charles form revoking parliamentary business carried out in his absence
3) Charles couldn’t adjourn parliament
4) Revoked recent honours made by the king

Question 3

What did Charles promise for the Scots to side with him

Answer 3

Guarantees such as a presbyterian settlement on the CofE for 3 years, uniting England and Scotland and the occupation of border towns such as Carlile and Berwick-upon-Tweed

Question 4

What was the Vote of No Adress and why was it passed

Answer 4

Banned any kind of settlement with the king

In response to Charles’ behaviour and faced with the prospect of a Scottish invasion - the only way forward was through another period of war

Passed through Lords under the pressure of the Ary council

Question 5

Give a weakness of Charles side during the 2nd Civil War

Answer 5

There was no longer a focused royalist part as there had been in the First Civil War

Until the Scots invaded in early July, there were just a few pitched battles and local skirmishes

Question 6

Why would it be wrong to fully argue that there were mass uprisings for the support of Charles

Answer 6

Mostly prompted by specific grievances and did not reflect particular loyalties

Some people such as Lucy, Countess of Carlisle, were simply anti-parliamentarian rather than pro-loyalist

Question 7

What was the first act by parliament that politicised the NMA

Answer 7

Fearful of the army’s militancy, it tried to disband the army as quickly and as cheaply as possible

• The army to be purged of Independent officers
• The army to be sent to Ireland under presbyterian officers
• Disbanded NMA soldiers only to be given 8 weeks arrears of pay, many were owed much more than this

Soldiers responded with the NMA petition in March which was condemned by Parliament as an act of treason (Dec of Dislike)

Question 8

What did the Agitators demand in April

Answer 8

Indemnity of actions committed during the war

Freedom of conscription (Ireland)

Freedom of worship

Question 9

When was the king seized and what was the effect

Answer 9

June 1647 - a troop of cavalry from the NMA ed by Cornet Joyce seized the king

Parliament could no longer negotiate with Charles without the army’s approval

Question 10

When was the Proposition of Newcastle

Answer 10

July 1646

Question 11

Give the key features of the Prop Newcastle

Answer 11

New parliament every 3 years

Parliament to control the military for 20 years

Bishops abolished, presbyterian church for a 3-year trial

58 royalists not pardoned

Question 12

When were the Heads of Proposals and what were its key features

Answer 12

August 1647

New parliament every 2 years

Parliament to control the military for 10 years

Bishops to remain, no presbyterian church, voluntary use of Book of Common prayer

Parliament to nominate all officers for 10 years

7 royalist not pardoned

Question 13

What was Charles’ response to Henrietta Maria on receiving the propositions of Newcastle

Answer 13

“They are such as I cannot grant without losing my conscience, crown and honour”.

Question 14

Who came up with the HofP

Answer 14

Put forward by the army - supported by leading Independents (Cromwell and Ireton)

Question 15

What was outlined in the Treaty of Newport

Answer 15

King agreed to a 3-year presbyterian settlement

Parliament to control army and navy for 20 years

Parliament to appoint state officials for 10 years

Question 16

Give the 4 reasons on why Charles was executed in January 1649

Answer 16

Religious radicalism of the NMA

The politicisation of the NMA

Divisions within Parliament

Charles’ actions

Question 17

Give a deciding factor as to why there was no peaceful settlement reached

Answer 17

Ultimately = divisions in parliament - caused the politicisation of the NMA, and were exploited by Charles

Question 18

What was the effect of parliament sending the army to Ireland

Answer 18

Most leavers were presbyterian - their departure meant that the army no longer exhibited the broad political spectrum, leaving a virtually unified army to confront parliament

Question 19

Describe the events of the rebellion in Kent and Essex

Answer 19

Kent and Essex had been securely under Parliament control since early 1642, suffered most from heavy taxation

20,000 signed the ‘Humble Petition of Gentry, Clergy and Commonalty’ within days

Kentish army of 10,00- was defeated and retreated to Essex (siege of Colchester)

Question 20

What was the Cantubery rising

Answer 20

Christmas - 1647

Annoyed by high taxes they rioted for ‘Good king Charles and Kent’ - expelling the parliamentary garrison

3,000 soldiers were sent to besiege the tow but surrendered without a fight

Question 21

When was the rebellion in South Wales and how did it start

Answer 21

March - 1648

Colonel Poyer declared his loyalty to the king (previously a parliamentarian)

Angry due to a lack of pay and was besieged in Pembroke castle for 12 weeks before surrendering to Cromwell

Didn’t like parliament but not overly supportive of Charles

Question 22

Who were the Levellers

Answer 22

Led by figures such as John Lilburne

One of the radical groups active in London during the 1640s

Because they believed in religious toleration and a fair deal for the common soldier, their ideas could not be dismissed easily by the officers

Main aim = to replace the monarchy and the HofL with a single representative chamber

Question 23

Give 3 political Presbyterians

Answer 23

Denzil Holles
Earl of Manchester
Earl of Essex

Question 24

Why was a presbyterian church structure wanted by many in 1646

Answer 24

Many believed that social order was breaking down and the presbyterian church offered structure, hierarchy and discipline at a time when the country seemed to be descending into religious anarchy

Question 25

Give 3 religious groups that had infiltrated the NMA

Answer 25

Levellers Quakers Anabaptists

Question 26

What was the Declaration of Dislike

Answer 26

Labelled petitioners as "enemies of the state" - created an open fault line between the Preystbeterian MP's and the NMA

Question 27

When was the Humble Petition of the Officers and the Soldiers of the army and what did it propose

Answer 27

Soldiers pay to be bought up to date before disbandment Provisions to be made for widowed, orphans and injured Indemnity to be granted for acts committed in wartime

Question 28

What was the impact of parliament voting to disband the NMA on only 8 weeks arrears of pay in May

Answer 28

General Fairfax called a rendevous of the NMA at Newmarket where he spoke to representatives of all regiments - united in their aims to not obey parliament Agitator Edward Sexby had been spreading rumours that the king as on the verge of making a deal with the political Presbyterians - spurred Joyce actions From the 4 June onwards, mobs of soldiers in London virtually besieged Westminster, demanding pay and redress of grievances

Question 29

Charles saw Parliamentary divides as...

Answer 29

“chinks in the enemies armour that he would not be slow to probe”

Question 30

How did Charle play upon divisions in parliament with Newcastle

Answer 30

To keep parliament interested in peace negotiations and to play upon divisions in parliament, Charles put forward counter-proposals However, how seriously Charles was taking these counterproposals is questionable as he was simultaneously appealing to his wife and to his daughter Mary (William of Orange’s Wife) to provide means for escape

Question 31

Why were many prepared to rise for Charles

Answer 31

Motivated by a desire to return to the old traditional ways The peace following by the Civil war had brought no relief from crippling taxation, tyranny of county committees, and plunder by ill-paid and mutinous soldiers

Question 32

What was the October vote of 1646

Answer 32

Parliament decided to disband Massey’s forces (a self-sufficient force canoeable of counter-acting the NMA) showed that in a crucial vote, the Independents could still command a majority – due to commons elections

Question 33

How many new members were elected in the Commons elections

Answer 33

270 - mainly to support the Independent and radical wing

Question 34

What did Thomas Edwards (presbyterian preacher) admit about the NMA

Answer 34

Though a harsh critic of the NMA and its religious radicalism - admitted to finding little anti-monarchal feelings within it (1646)

Question 35

What was the Vindication of the Officers

Answer 35

Confirmed that the officers stood fully with their men in relation to the demands they were making

Question 36

If parliament had paid...................to the honour of the army they had won the war for it, if it had postponed.................until more of the soldiers material grievances had been met and promised them much more overdue pay, + agreed to reconsider the force for Ireland, the situation could have almost certainly been.........

Answer 36

Public tribute Disbandment Saved

Question 37

Why could it be argued that the seizure of the king was not pre-meditated

Answer 37

A pre-planned abduction would have meant they knew where they were going, not listen to the king’s suggestions about heading to Newmarket because the air agreed with him

Question 38

Parliament differed not on as to whether the king should be..............to his role as king, but over the......................terms upon which he should resume it

Answer 38

Restored | Constitutional

Question 39

Whilst the Newcastle Prop was much more concerned about the...........of.............., HofP was more concerned with.....................and healing the old bitterness between sides

Answer 39

Disposal of power | General reform

Question 40

What was the impact of the HofP in parliament

Answer 40

For some (Presbyterians) fear of surrender to the terms offered by the army caused a violent reaction 21st June - Mob invaded the HofL and bullied them into voting to restore the City’s Presbyterian Militia Committee Then forced its way into HofC + insulted and bullied members until they confirmed the Lords votes and passed a resolution, inviting the king to London 28th June – Fairfax vowed that he would march into London to restore Parliament and MP’s to their freedom

Question 41

What was Charles reaction to the HofP

Answer 41

Formally bound himself from no peace terms at all Based n bad advice from Lauderdale who grossly overestimated the potential royalist fighting potential Cromwell and Ireton lost credit with the more radical spirits in the army from persistently seeking an agreement with him

Question 42

What were the Putney Debates

Answer 42

November 1647, when Cromwell invited those to speak of any divine guidance, they had received in answers to their prayers Served as an open invitation too many to feel that God had withdrawn their support for them because they had continued to negotiate with the king about a peace settlement First reference of Charles as a ‘man of blood’ by Goffe, which was even more credible when the 2nd civil war broke out

Question 43

What was the 'Agreement of the People'

Answer 43

Revolutionary - Claimed that people's representatives in parliament had full power Specific rights reserved to the people which even Parliament couldn’t infringe upon – freedom of religion, immunity from conscription, total equality before the law Leveller inspired

Question 44

What was the Winsdor Prayer Meeting

Answer 44

Cromwell pressed officers to search if there was any act by the army that might cause God to remove his presence/support for it News came that Fleming, a much-liked officer, had been killed in Wales Seemed that God was angry with them for trying to reach peace terms with the king Charles decision to opt for war again had made Goffe’s description as a ‘man of blood’ ever more potent

Question 45

Give a counter-argument (quote) for Charles trying to pursue peace at Newport

Answer 45

“To deal freely with you, the great concessions I made this day – the church, militia and Ireland – was made merely in order to my escape" - Charles

Question 46

What was the Remonstrance of the Army

Answer 46

Ireton became fully convinced that the army needed to terminate Newport negotiations and bring the king to trial Parliament rejected the remonstrance by 125 votes to 58 and ordered Fairfax not to bring his army any nearer London

Question 47

When and what was Pride's Purge

Answer 47

6th Dec - 1648, Colonel pride barred any MP's who had just voted in favour of continuing negotiations with the king

Question 48

The pre-purged parliament numbered...The number of MP's who attended at any time over the next couple of months including signing the king's death penalty totalled just over...

Answer 48

471 | 70

Question 49

Charles appeared before the court all dressed in black and kept his...on throughout the trial to show that he did not accept the........of the court

Answer 49

Hat | Authority

Question 50

The trial mainly stated that Charles used unlimited................power to "...................and..............." levy war against his people

Answer 50

Tyrannical Traitorously Maliciously

Question 51

The.........and dignity to which Charles bore his last hours probably did more to the.......of the monarchy than all his acts of war

Answer 51

Courage | Future

Question 52

What did Charles claim to be at his trial

Answer 52

The "Martyr of the people"

Question 53

Give evidence of deep unpopularity woth the rump after his trial

Answer 53

Huge success of 'Eikon Basilisk’ Attempted to record the late king’s thoughts during his final captivity - Published 10 days after his execution - Reprinted 30 times within a year and translated into several European languages Highlighted a clear weakness of the young Commonwealth

Question 54

Give evidence to show that the trial of Charles was a show trial

Answer 54

Lady Fairfax calls out once on the first day and once on the last day. First time, the troops level their muskets at her + commanding officer threatens to fire at her. If you imagine a courtroom in which troops are firing on the spectators, you get a sense of the nature of the military presence – very intimidating presence, and very clear that the troops are there to quell the spectators.

Question 55

Why did the trial not feel right

Answer 55

What a trial does is enforce the king’s justice, and it enforces the king’s justice in front of a jury (there’s no jury here), it enforces the king’s justice on the basis of the known laws of the land (there’s no law here which defines what this treason is that Charles is accused of) and so in that sense, what’s happening is a trial in which the law and procedures being made up as they go along

Question 56

If you put someone on trial for treason (and that’s one of the charges) there is only..... know outcome to a treason trial. Anybody who goes in front of a court, charged with treason ends up.....

Answer 56

One | Dead

Question 57

What the court had succeeded in proving was that Charles had been..........on the battlefield and had commanded his troops. What they did not succeed in proving was that he was.............for any..........

Answer 57

Present Responsible Atrocities