Final Review 2.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

What rRNA’s and protein numbers make up the large and small subunits in prokaryotes?

A

50s–33 proteins–5s and 23s

30s–21 proteins–16s

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2
Q

What rRNA’s and protein numbers make up the large and small subunits in eukaryotes?

A

60s–46 proteins–28s, 18s, 5.8s

40s–33 proteins–5s

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3
Q

Which rRNA has ribozyme activity?

A

28s rRNA

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4
Q

Which part of the small rRNA in prokaryotes base pairs with the Shine-Delgarno sequence?

A

16s

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5
Q

What occurs at each temperature of PCR?

A

95 deg C–Denature DNA
55 deg C–Anneal Primers
72 deg C–Elongate DNA with free nucleotides

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6
Q

What is the one base that Inosine cannot base pair with?

A

Guanosine (G)

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7
Q

What terminates translation inside the ribosome?

A

Release Factor signaled by the stop codon

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8
Q

What is epigenetic inheritance?

A

Epigenetic inheritance are things that are inherited that affect the expression of the genes without being changes in the actual genes themselves
• An example of this are histone modifications.
• Phosphorylation
• Methylation

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9
Q

What is depurination?

A

The entire purine is removed, leaving an abasic site. The glycosidic bond was broken

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10
Q

What makes up the Prokaryotic RNA polymerase core?

A

2 alpahs, 2 betas, 1 omega

–Called a holoenzyme when sigma factor binds to it

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11
Q

What factor directs RNA polymerase to the correct binding site on the DNA template?

A

sigma D

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12
Q

Explain the importance of the -10 and -35 regions in prokaryotes?

A

The -10 box (T and A rich) has fewer H bonds, which makes it easiest to open. The -35 box is the place a sequence the σ factor recognizes to bind and activate the RNA polymerase

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13
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic termination and Rho dependent termination?

A

Intrinsic means the termination is caused by the mRNA itself (hairpin loops formed by C-G rich sequences followed by string of U’s)
–Rho dependent: Binds to the RUT sequence and slides along mRNA until it knocks off RNA polymerase

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14
Q

What does each of the RNA polymerases transcribe?

A

Pol 1–Large rRNA
Pol2–mRNA
Pol 3–tRNA and small rRNA
(Remember, the bigger the number gets the smaller the RNA made gets)

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15
Q

What two methods of transcription termination exist in eukaryotes?

A

Anti-termination: Pol 2 loses a positive EF or gains a negative EF decreasing processivity causing it to dissociate
Torpedo: A cut is made after the Poly A tail, and 5’-3’ exonuclease cuts up unneeded RNA until it runs into Pol 2 and kicks it off

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16
Q

Which end of tRNA does the amino acid attach?

A

3’ end (sequence read 5’ to 3’ is CCA)

17
Q

What is degeneracy?

A

An amino acid being coded for by multiple codons

18
Q

What is wobble?

A

The 3rd nucleotide of the codon doesn’t have to match exactly for it to base pair with the anti-codon

19
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

When a different amino acid is used in place of the correct one

20
Q

What does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase do?

A

It combines an amino acid with the correct tRNA

21
Q

What does an IRES do?

A

It allows translation to begin in the middle of mRNA without the need of a 5’ cap

22
Q

What does ski7 do?

A

It allows a ribosome that is stalled on a non-stop mRNA (one without a stop codon) to dissociate

23
Q

What are the 7 levels at which gene expression can be regulated?

A
Transcription initiation
RNA processing
RNA stability
protein synthesis
protein modification
protein degradation
protein transport
24
Q

What does partial pairing of miRNA’s with mRNA do?

A

It represses translation

25
Q

What can defects in the ubiquitination pathway cause?

A

Tumors and cystic fibrosis

26
Q

What do architectural regulators do?

A

The bend and loop the DNA to bring regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase together

27
Q

What is the one difference between pluripotent and totipotent cells?

A

Pluripotent cells have differentiated once and cannot become the embryonic membrane

28
Q

What does TCA do?

A

It precipitates large molecules ONLY

29
Q

What is the function of the spliceosome, and what is it made of?

A

It removes most eukaryotic introns.

–Composed of 5 snRNP’s U1,U2,U4,U5,U6 (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins), and hundreds of additional proteins

30
Q

Where do repressors and activators bind?

A

Silencer and enhancer sequences respectively

31
Q

Where are the kinetichore proteins located?

A

On the centromere

32
Q

Which enzyme types are considered fast stop?

A

Those that work at the replication fork, or as tension relievers

33
Q

What are Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) used for?

A

Polymorphisms (specific gene sequences) that are unique for each person, but are more similar to related individuals

34
Q

What code is at the 5’ splice site of an intron?

A

GU

35
Q

What code is at the 3’ splice site of an intron?

A

AG

36
Q

Which groups don’t require other proteins to help splice?

A

Groups 1 and 2

37
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (for methionine)

38
Q

What is one of the stop codons?

A

UAG