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First Aid > Gastrointestinal - Physiology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal - Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

gastrin source

A

G cells - antrum of stomach

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2
Q

gastrin actions

A

increase gastric H+ secretion
increase growth of gastric mucosa
increase gastric motility

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3
Q

gastrin regulation

A

increase by stomach distention, alkalinization, amino acids, peptides, vagal stim
decrease by stomach pH < 1.5

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4
Q

gastrin fun facts

A

increased in ZE syndrome
increased by chronic PPI use
phenylalanine & tryptophan potent stimulators

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5
Q

cholecystokinin source

A

I cells - duodenum, jejunum

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6
Q

cholecystokinin actions

A

increase pancreatic secretion
increase gallbladder contraction
increase sphincter of Oddi relaxation
decrease gastric emptying

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7
Q

cholecystokinin regulation

A

increase by fatty acids, amino acids

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8
Q

secretin source

A

S cells - duodenum

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9
Q

secretin actions

A

increase pancreatic HCO3- secretion
increase bile secretion
decrease gastric acid secretion

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10
Q

secretin regulation

A

increase by acid, fatty acids in lumen & duodenum

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11
Q

somatostatin source

A

D cells - pancreatic islets, GI mucosa

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12
Q

somatostatin actions

A

decrease gastric acid, pepsinogen secretion
decrease pancreatic, s.i. fluid secretion
decrease gallbladder contraction
decrease insulin, glucagon release

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13
Q

somatostatin regulation

A

increase by acid

decrease by vagal stimulation

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14
Q

somatostatin fun facts

A

inhibitory hormone
antigrowth hormone
“somatostatin stops stuff”

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15
Q

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) source

A

K cells - duodenum, jejunum

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16
Q

GIP action

A

exocrine: decrease gastric H+ secretion
endocrine: increase insulin release

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17
Q

GIP regulation

A

increase by fatty acids, amino acids, oral glucose

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18
Q

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) source

A

parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, s.i.

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19
Q

VIP action

A

increase intestinal water, electrolyte secretion

increase relaxation of intestinal smooth m. & sphincters

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20
Q

VIP regulation

A

increase by distention, vagal stim

decrease by adrenergic input

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21
Q

VIPoma

A 
non-alpha, non-beta islet cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP
WDHA syndrome
Watery Diarrhea
Hypokalemia
Achlorhydria
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22
Q

Nitric oxide action

A

increase smooth m. relaxation, including LES

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23
Q

motilin source

A

s.i.

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24
Q

motilin action

A

produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

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25
Q

motilin regulation

A

increase in fasting state

26
Q

intrinsic factor source

A

parietal cells - stomach

27
Q

intrinsic factor actions

A

Vit B12 binding protein - uptake in terminal ileum

28
Q

intrinsic factor fun facts

A

autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leads to chronic gastritis and pernicious anemia

29
Q

gastric acid source

A

parietal cells - stomach

30
Q

gastric acid action

A

decrease stomach pH

31
Q

gastric acid regulation

A

increase by histamine, ACh, gastrin

decrease by somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin, secretin

32
Q

gastrinoma

A

gastrin-secreting tumor that causes continuous high levels of acid secretion and ulcers

33
Q

pepsin source

A

chief cells - stomach

34
Q

pepsin action

A

protein digestion

35
Q

pepsin regulation

A

increase by vagal stimulation, local acid

36
Q

how pepsin becomes pepsin

A

inactive pepsinogen becomes pepsin by H+

37
Q

HCO3- source

A

mucosal cells - stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas

Brunner’s glands - duodenum

38
Q

HCO3- action

A

neutralizes acid

39
Q

HCO3- regulation

A

increase by pancreatic and biliary secretion with secretin

40
Q

saliva fun facts

A

amylase - digests starch
HCO3- neut bac acids
mucins - lubricate food
normally hypotonic, isotonic w/ higher flow rates

41
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

located in duodenal submucosa
secrete alkaline mucus
hypertrophy seen in PUD

42
Q

pancreatic secretion: alpha-amylase

function

A

starch digestion

43
Q

pancreatic secretion: lipase, phospholipase A, colipase

function

A

fat digestion

44
Q

pancreatic secretion: proteases

function

A

protein digestion

45
Q

pancreatic secretion: proteases

roll call

A 
trypsin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidases
proenzymes = zymogens
46
Q

pancreatic secretion: trypsinogen

411

A

converted to active trypsin by enterokinase/enteropeptidase secreted from duodenal mucosa
activates other proenzymes and positive feedback

47
Q

carbohydrate digestion: salivary amylase

A

hydrolyzes alpha-1,4 linkages, makes disaccharides (maltose, alpha-limit dextrins)

48
Q

carbohydrate digestion: pancreatic amylase

A

highest concentration in duodenal lumen

hydrolyzes starch to oligosaccharides, disaccharides

49
Q

carbohydrate digestion: oligosaccharide hydrolases

A

brush border of intestine, rate-limiting step in carbohydrate digestion, produce monosaccharides from oligo- and disaccharides

50
Q

carbohydrate absorption

A

only monosaccharides absorbed by enterocytes
glucose
galactose
fructose

51
Q

glucose, galactose uptake

A

SGLT1 - Na+ dependent

to blood by GLUT-2

52
Q

fructose uptake

A

facilitated diffusion by GLUT-5

to blood by GLUT-2

53
Q

iron absorption

A

Fe 2+ in duodenum

54
Q

folate absorption

A

jejunum

55
Q

B12 absorption

A

terminal ileum along with bile acids

requires intrinsic factor

56
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
lamina propria, submucosa of ileum
contain M cells - take up antigen
IgA

57
Q

bile contents

A

bile salts - conjugated bile acids to glycine, taurine so water soluble
phospholipids
cholesterol
bilirubin
water
ions
cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase catalyzes rate-limiting step

58
Q

bile functions

A

digestion, absorption lipids, DAEK
cholesterol excretion
antimicrobial activity - membrane disruption

59
Q

bilirubin definition

A

heme metabolism product

removed from blood by liver, conjugated with glucuronate, excreted in bile

60
Q

direct bilirubin

A

conjugated with glucuronic acid; water soluble

liver

61
Q

indirect bilirubin

A

unconjugated; water insoluble

macrophages

First Aid (6 decks)

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