Intro

Question 1

years lost to disability

Answer 1

• mental illness has the most
• greatest burden for ages 9-49
• combined percent in adulthood more than all other causes combined
• several muscuoskeletal disorders are nervous system

Question 2

why more questions?

Answer 2

• complexity
• hundreds of cell types
• each cell interacts with dozens-thousands of others
• constantly changing nature of interactions
• produces wide range and diversity of behavioral responses or deficits

Question 3

philospohers

Answer 3

-Galneus, da Vinci, Vesalius

Question 4

three questions

Answer 4

• what is a nervous system
• why do we have one
• is ours unique
• anemone vs sun dews

Question 5

why we evolved

Answer 5

• make our lives more meaningful-beneficial to individual organism, species, or ecosystem
• selection of most meaningful/adaptive behaviors
• we create multiple representations of the outside world to steer internal decisions

Question 6

three absic functions

Answer 6

• receive information-sensation
• create internal maps of information-perception
• respond in an adaptive manner to stimuli-action

Question 7

nervous system

Answer 7

• internal and external sensory to cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
• then out to visceral or somatic motor system to effectors

Question 8

distinguishing features of advanced nervous system

Answer 8

1. cellular specializations
2. areal specializations (collections of cells grouped together for common purpose)
3. functional cooperation (ensembles of neurons acting in synchrony to produce desired outcome
4. adaptability
5. high information storage capacity

Question 9

cellular specializations

Answer 9

• at least 200 different types of neurons
• cajal and golgi
• cortical pyramidal cells
• retinal bipolar
• retinal ganglion cell
• retinal amacrine cell
• cerebellar purkinje cells

Question 10

varieties of neuroglia cells

Answer 10

• astrocyte
• oligodendrocyte
• microglial celll
• glial stem cell
• oligodendrocyte precursor
• myelinating oligodendrocyte

Question 11

astrocytes

Answer 11

• a glial cell in CNS
• star like
• long cytoplasmic processes which bridge neurons and cap endo cells
• mechanical and metabolic support
• regulate environment
• contribute to blood brain barrier and control transport of substances
• coordinate nerve pathway development
• from embryonic ectoderm

Question 12

oligodendrocyte

Answer 12

• a glial cell in CNS
• limited number of dendritic processes
• electrical insulation for a few adjacent neurons and forms part of the myelin sheath for their axons
• from embryonic ectoderm

Question 13

microglia

Answer 13

• glial cell in CNS named for its characteristic small size
• derived from hematopoetic sources and provide a protective function to nervous tissue
• can become phagocytic

Question 14

dendritic spines

Answer 14

• endings of dendrites where synapse occurs

- peak 8-12 years

Question 15

areal specializations

Answer 15

• collections of cells grouped together for a common purpose
• arabic numbering system of all the brain tissue
• neocortex-motor and visual
• paleocortex
• archicortex
• lobes, fissures

Question 16

functional cooperation

Answer 16

• ensembles of neurons acting in synchrony to produce a desired outcome
• froggy legs
• galvani’s method

Question 17

sensory/afferent neurons

Answer 17

• typically have long dendrite and short axon
• carry messages from sensory receptors to the CNS
• free with little or no myelin-most sensitive to pain and temp
• thicker arise from pacinian and meissner- light touch and vibrations
• ruffini and merkel sustained pressure

Question 18

motor/efferent neurons

Answer 18

-long axon and short dendrites and transmit messages from the CNS to the muscles or glands

Question 19

interneurons

Answer 19

-found only in CNS where they interconnect neurons

Question 20

lower level

Answer 20

-spinal cord ensembles

Question 21

upper levels

Answer 21

cortical ensembles

Question 22

simple reflex

Answer 22

• knee jerk
• hammer tap stretches tendon which stretches sensory receptors in leg extensor muscles
• sensory neurons synapses with motor neuron and interneuron
• interneuron inhibits flexor and motor neuron excites extensor muscle
• leg extends

Question 23

homunculus diagram

Answer 23

• representative of sensory receptors in body

- face lateral down to feet medial then genitals

Question 24

adaptibility

Answer 24

• functional stretch reflex
• calf muscles activate and you tilt but then our body shuts off the reflex and you don’t tilt as much and your calf stops firing

Question 25

high information storage capacity

Answer 25

• we are wired to process information even if you are not aware of it
• sensory input, association, evaluation and planning, commands for movement, motor output