Nagelhout chpt 29 Flashcards

1
Q

first step- organization

A

this is a bit of review and basics

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2
Q

The central nervous system consists of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

….. wanted to start this off niiiiiiiice and easy

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their receptors

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

Two primary cell types for the CNS?

A

neurons and glial (neuroglial)

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5
Q

Neurons are classified as (4)

A

Unipolar, bipolar, psudounipolar, and multipolar

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6
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

Only in lower invertebrates

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7
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

retina, ear, and olfactory mucosa

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8
Q

Where are psudounipolar neurons found?

A

dorsal root ganglia and cranial ganglion cells

enables sensory impulses to travel from the dendrite directly o the axon without passion through the cell body

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9
Q

What about Multipolar neurons?

A

constitute the majority of the CNS neurons.

they have multiple dendritic processes but only ONE axon.

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10
Q

What is the gray matter of the CNS composed of?

A

neuron cell bodis

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11
Q

What is the white matter of the CNS composed of?

A

myelinated axons

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12
Q

Neurons are classified into their specific functions. Name them (3)

A

motor, sensory, and interneurons.

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13
Q

Motor neurons are what type, and do what?

A

multipolar and innervate and control effector tissues like the muscles and glands

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14
Q

Sensory neurons are what type and do what?

A

Psuedounipolar and receive exteroceptive, interoceptive, or proprioceptive input

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15
Q

Interneurons are what type and do what?

A

psuedounipolar and connect adjacent neurons.

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16
Q

Neuron membranes….. what is it made from? and is it hydrophilic or phobic?

A

bilaminar lipoprotein made from phospholipids

inner hydrophobic membrane and the membrane in contact with the ECF is polar hydrophilic

17
Q

glial cells…. what are the four types?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial and ependymal

18
Q

how are glial cells different?

A

smaller, outnumber the neuron cells, and lack both the dendritic and axonal processes

19
Q

As a whole what is the role of the glial cell?

A

maintenance of proper ionic environment, modulation of nerve cell electrical conduction, control of reuptake of neurotransmitters, and repair after neuronal injury

20
Q

Astrocytes- what are they responsible for?

A

Predominant cell
Provide structural neuronal support, group and pair neurons and nerve terminals, regulate the metabolic environment, and are active in repair after injury.

21
Q

2 types of astrocytes….

A

fibrous found in white matter

protoplasmic found in gray matter.

22
Q

What important barrier is the astrocyte responsible for?

A

The contact of the cerebral endothelium by astrocytes is believed to be essential to the development of the blood brain barrier.

23
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheath of axons in brain and spinal cord, and are capable of myelenating more that one axon.

24
Q

down side to the oligodendrocyte?

A

cannot regenerate after injury :(

25
Q

Why is myelin so important?

A

myelin increases velocity without increases size of an axon. without it we would be just giant axons….

26
Q

Schwann cells… don’t forget about them….

A

modified glial cells that myelin ate the PNS. Can only myelin ate ONE axon.

27
Q

What is a node of Ranvier?

A

site of electrical impulse propagation

28
Q

What is Saltatory conduction?

A

how impulses travel from one node of ranvier to another.

29
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

distal degeneration of axon after peripheral nerve injury

30
Q

What do schwann cells do in the case of peripheral nerve injury?

A

Within one week of initial injury, schwann cells proliferate to for a tube (like scaffolding) to direct axon regeneration.

31
Q

What are microglial cells responsible for?

A

they proliferate and become large macrophages to phagocytize neuronal debris.

32
Q

What are ependymal cells responsible for?

A

line the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain and the central spinal canal. the for the cuboidal epithelium (the choroid plexus) which secretes our CSF.