Urban-Rural

Question 1

Champion , 1989

Answer 1

Although urbanization has grown in many eastern and southern European countries in the post-war period much on north-west Europe has experienced a process of suburbanization and counter-urbanization (Champion, 1989; Cheshire, 1995)

Question 2

Clark, 1995

Answer 2

In the space of a few decades, the racial and ethnic composition of American cities has changed dramatically as a result of both high levels of immigration, particularly into key ‘gateway’ cities (Clark, 1995)

Question 3

Mike Davis (1990) and Ed Soja (1992)

Answer 3

Mike Davis (1990) and Ed Soja (1992) used the term ‘Fortress LA’ to characterize he withdrawal of affluent people behind defensive walls

Question 4

Wilson (1987; 1996)

Answer 4

Wilson argues that ghetto problems are only too real and cannot be ignored or brushed aside; he argues instead that they are a result of the changing employment, racial and demographic structure of American inner cities aided by systematic discrimination.
The attitudes and behaviors found in black poverty areas are a response to the problems faced by their residents rather than reflecting an innate culture of lawlessness, criminality and immorality

Question 5

Social conservative view of ghettoism

Answer 5

Social conservatives attribute the problems of the black ghetto to the attitudes and behaviors of its residents

Question 6

Liberalist view of ghettoism

Answer 6

The liberals ignore or deny the reality of anti-social behavior in the black ghetto and have yielded the field to conservative popularizers

Question 7

Sassen, 1990

Answer 7

The economic decline of older cities has been paralelled by the rise of a small number of major world or global cities (Sassen, 1990).

Question 8

Ley (1996)

Answer 8

As Ley (1996) shows the rise of a service-based economy has been paralleled by the growth of a new professional, managerial, technical and creative middle class, generally highly educated and highly paid.