17 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Know the anatomy of the outer, middle and inner ear, be able to identify ear drum, oval window, round window, cochlea. Know the names of the middle ear bones, hammer, anvil, stirrup.
i. hammer = malleus, anvil = incus, and stirrup = stapes (transmit air pressure)
1. connects to inner ear -> cochlea -> where actual receptors are
What are the receptors for hearing, and how are they situated with respect to the basilar membrane and the cochlea?
Receptors for hearing – hair cells
i. situated in the fluid of the cochlea and around the basilar membrane, carry
information for the cochlea
what is the relationship between the basilar membrane and tonotopic organization?
The basilar membrane is organized tonotopically- each segment has a frequency of greatest sensitivity. 4 main tonotopic areas move from closest to the oval window (high frequency) to farthest away (low frequency)
What is the name(s) of the nerve that transmits information from the cochlea?
N.VIII: statoacoustic, vestibucochlear, auditory-vestibular nerve
What is the progression and transformation of information from the pinna onward to the primary auditory cortex (i.e. outer, middle, inner ear (w/ details to n. VIII to Cochlear nucleus (dorsal and ventral), superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus to A1)
a. Eardrum → hammer → anvil → stirrup → oval window → cochlea → N8 → ipsilateral cochlear nucleus → superior olivary nucleus → inferior colliculus → MGN → A1
What does it mean that the primary auditory cortex has a tonotopic organization?
arranged based on frequency
i. tone map - sound is mapped tonotopically on the hair cell as they are distributed on the basilar membrane.
What are other names for A1?
a. Heschl’s gyrus/i, Brodmann’s 41 and 42, transverse temporal gyri
Where is the secondary auditory cortex? What are the core, belt, and parabelt areas?
Secondary auditory cortex- anterior region of the superior temporal gyrus
1. core- primary auditory cortex (A1)
2. belt- secondary auditory cortex (A2)
3. Parabelt- tertiary auditory cortex (A3)
Be able to identify the superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrus, superior temporal salcus, and the lateral fissure (sylvian)
How does the theory of object perceptions in the slides match up (very generally) with the functions in the various parts of the primary, secondary visual cortex, what may be happening in the (ventral) visual stream? (V1 to hippocampus)?
They match up very well. There are discrete areas specified by the theory that more or less correlate to the various parts of the ventral visual stream.
Ventral Visual Stream
-Object perception
-Biological motion
-Face perception
Theory of Object Perception - first thing done in a Ventral Visual Stream
-Edges and bars of lengths, contrasts and orientations
-Grouping elements into higher-order units, separating figure and ground
-Viewer-centered description matched onto stored 3D descriptions of structure of objects -(rotation if needed)?
-Meaning attributed to the stimulus
-Naming of different items
Notes:
-Shapes is the important thing, not color/pattern (pink elephant, plaid apple, etc.)
-“Theory” - best guess to stages how we take in information and then see
-First, we see edges - further processes put together edges and orientations to get objects
-Certain areas light up when thinking/seeing them (persons, animals, tools)
-Lateral occipital cortex - most function here
What (generally) is the difference between the sparse coding and population/ensemble coding views of object perception?
Sparse coding- a few neurons that fire for identification
population/ensemble coding- lots of neurons together firing for identification.
What types of evidence are there for object- specific (grandmother) cells? What are some of the problems with hypothesizing object-specific neurons in shape perception?
Issues with sparse coding - fragile encoding (what if the neuron dies?), how do you perceive novel objects?, what if grandma changed (greyer, thinner, etc.)
Evidence- coding for face shape, hair, wrinkles, mouth, halle Berry case in epileptic person (one neuron for all halle berry info)
What is the difference between view-dependent and view invariant shape perception? What is the evidence for these types of shape perception?
a. View-dependent shape perception – you need to see a particular object from a particular viewpoint, in order to be able to identify said object
b. View-invariant shape perception – viewpoints do not matter
What does Agnosia mean?
Failure to “know” or recognize things
What is the differences between apperceptive and associative visual agnosia both in how they present in patients?
a. Apperceptive visual agnosia – no recognition of objects
b. Associative visual agnosia – disorder of meaning (inability to name what is seen)
What is biological motion perception and what parts of the temporal lobe seem to be involved in this? What is the role of biological motion perception in social cognition?
a. Biological motion perception – motion of biological entities (living things)
i. Superior temporal sulcus (STS) – analyzes biological motion, respond to approach motions of bodies
1. Damage = impaired recognition and recall of faces
ii. Social cognition – interpret facial expressions for an individual’s thinking
What parts of face processing are carried out in the Fusiform face area, the superior temporal sulcus and the striate cortex?
a. Fusiform face area – invariant aspects of face, perception of unique identity
b. Superior temporal sulcus – changeable aspects of faces, perception of eye gaze,
expression, and lip movement
c. Striate cortex – face recognition
What is prosopagnosia? Are there differences in degree? Is it congenital or acquired?
Prosopagnosia – inability to recognize faces
i. Different levels of impairment in different people, congenital in various degrees
