17 Blood Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is the hematocrit
A
Percent of RBC in blood volume
45%
2
Q
Describe normal blood ph, temp, and volume
A
7.35-7.45
38*C
5-6 male
4-5 female
3
Q
What are the 3 main functions of blood
A
Substance distribution
Regulation of particular substances
Body protection
4
Q
What does blood transport
A
Oxygen and nutrients
Metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys
Hormones to target organs
5
Q
How does blood prevent blood loss
A
Activating plasma proteins and platelets
Initiate clot formation
6
Q
How does blood prevent infection
A
Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies
Activating complement
Activating WBC
7
Q
What types of substances are in blood plasma
A
Proteins Waste Organic nutrients Electrolytes Respiratory gases
8
Q
What makes up 60% of plasma proteins
A
Albumin
9
Q
How are blood cells renewed
A
By red bone marrow
10
Q
Describe an erythrocytes
A
Biconcave disc
Anucleate
Filled with hemoglobin
Contain Spectrin in membrane
11
Q
Describe hemoglobin
A
Made of globin protein -2 alpha chains -2 beta chains Each bound to heme Each heme has an iron Each iron can bind to oxygen
12
Q
What is oxyhemoglobin
A
Hb bound to oxygen
13
Q
What is deoxyhemoglobin
A
Hb after oxygen diffuses into tissues
14
Q
What is carbaminohemoglobin
A
Hb bound to carbon dioxide
15
Q
What structural characteristics of RBC contribute to its function
A
Biconcave shape- huge surface area
More than 97% Hb
ATP is generated anaerobically- doesn’t use o2 it transports
16
Q
Where does hematopoiesis occur
A
In red bone marrow
Of axial skeleton and girdles
Epiphytes of humerus / femur
17
Q
What is the stem cell of all formed elements
A
Hemocytoblast
18
Q
What causes tissue hypoxia
A
Not enough RBC
19
Q
What Happens with too many RBC
A
High blood viscosity
20
Q
What controls erythropoiesis
A
EPO
21
Q
What triggers the release if EPO
A
Low blood oxygen levels from
Decreased RBC
Decreased oxygen availability
Increased tissue demand
22
Q
Where is EPO released from
What is its target
A
Kidney/ liver
Red bone marrow
23
Q
In a clinical setting how does one check for the production of RBC
A
Blood level reticulocyte count
24
Q
What are the dietary requirements of erythropoiesis
A
Nutrients
Iron
Vit B12
Folic acid
25
Where is iron stored
Hb65%
Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow
26
How is iron loosely transported
Bound to transferrin
27
What forms is iron stored in in cells
Ferritin
| Hemosiderin
28
Why do cells need B12 and Folic acid
For DNA synth
29
Where do macrophages degrade RBC
In the spleen
30
Describe the process of degrading heme
Iron is salvaged
Heme becomes bilirubin
Liver secretes bilirubin into intestines
Leaves as stercobilin
31
Describe the process of degrading globin
Broken into amino acids
32
Define anemia
Blood has low oxygen carry capacity
33
What types of anemia are caused by insufficient erythrocytes
Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Aplastic
34
What anemia is caused by acute/ chronic blood loss
Hemorrhagic
35
What anemia is caused by prematurely ruptured RBC
Hemolytic
| Via malaria or bad transfusiob
36
What anemia is caused by destruction/ inhibition of RBMarrow
Aplastic
37
What anemias are caused by decreased hemoglobin content
Iron deficiency
| Pernicious
38
What anemias are caused by abnormal Hb
Thalassemias
| Sickle cell
39
What is a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
40
What is the treatment of pernicious anemia
Injection of B12
| Application of nascobal
41
What 2 things cause iron deficiency anemia
Not enough iron in diet
| Unable to absorb iron, damaged intestinal linings
42
What causes pernicious anemia
Lack of B12
| Lack of intrinsic factor for its absorption
43
What anemia is caused by absent or faulty globin
Thalassemia
| RBC deficient in Hb
44
What anemia. Is caused by abnormal Hb called HbS
Sickle cell
45
What is wrong with HbS
Single amino acid substitution in the beta chain
46
What is polycythemia
Too many RBC
47
What are the 3 types of polycythemia
Polycythemia Vera- cancer
Secondary polycythemia- high altitudes
Blood doping
48
What level of WBC is normal for infection
11,000
49
Describe granulocytes
Phil's
Lobed nuclei
Phagocytic
50
What do neutrophil granules contain
Peroxidases
Hydrolytic enzymes
Defensins
51
How do eosinophils lessen allergies
By phagocytizing immune complexes
52
What are basophils similar to
Mast cells
53
What does histamine do
Acts as vasodilator and attracts other WBC
54
Describe agranulocytes
Cytes
| Lack granules
55
Where are most lymphocytes found
In lymphoid tissue
| Some circulate in blood
56
What do macrophages do
Phagocytose
| Activate lymphocytes to mount. Immune response
57
What cell do all leukocytes come from
Hemocytoblasts
58
Give examples of leukemia
Myelocytic-myeloblasts
| Lymphocytic- lymphocytes
59
What stem cell forms platelets
Hemocytoblasts
60
What happens with leukemia
Immature WBC in bloodstream
Bone marrow overtaken with cancerous cells
Death from hemorrhage and infections
61
What cells are platelets fragments of
Megakaryocytes
62
What keeps platelets inactive
Nitric acid
| Prostacyclin
63
What do platelet granules contain
Thromboxane A
Ca
ADP
Platelet derived growth factor
64
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
Coagulation
65
What 3 things trigger vascular spasms
Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
Chemicals released by endothelium
Reflexes initiated by local pain receptors
66
What causes platelets to aggregate
Contact with collagen in the basal lamina
67
What does Von willebrand factor do
Stabilize platelet plug
68
What 3 things do platelets in plug release
ADP
Thromboxane A
Calcium
69
How does ADP help plug form
Makes platelets sticky
70
How does thromboxane A help platelet plug
Enhance vascular spasm
| Platelet aggregation
71
When is blood changed into a gel
Coagulation
72
What type of coagulants normally dominate in blood
Anticoagulants
73
What are the 3 phases of clot formation
Make prothrombin activator
Convert prothrombin to thrombin
Convert fibrinogen into fibrin
74
What is prothrombinase
Prothrombin activator
75
Describe the intrinsic pathway of activating factor x
Exposé factor xii to collagen or glass
76
Describe the extrinsic pathway of activating factor x
Release factor iii aka Tissue factor
| from under endothelium
77
Which is the faster pathway to activate factor x
Extrinsic
78
What is the role of factor x
To convert prothrombin protein into thrombin enzyme
79
What is the role of thrombin
To catalyze joining of fibrinogen molecules into fibrin mesh
80
What is the role of prothrombin activator
To convert prothrombin into thrombin
81
What is clot retraction
Stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from fibrin
82
What does platelet derived growth factor stimulate
Rebuilding of vessel wall
83
What 3 things help with repair of vessels
PDGF
Fibroblasts- connective patch
VEGF
84
What does VEGF do
Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates endothelial cells to restore vessel
Replace connective patch
85
What 2 things prevent clot from getting to large
Swift removal of clotting factors
| Inhibition of activated clotting factors
86
what inactivates thrombin
Anti thrombin 3
87
What are the 2 disorders of blood hemostasis
Thromboembolytic disorders
| Bleeding disorders
88
Describe a thrombus
A persisting clot in an unbroken vessel
| Can block circulation and cause tissue death
89
Describe an embolus
A free floating thrombus
| Embolism when trapped in vessel too small
90
What 3 drugs can treat undesirable clots
Aspirin
Heparin
Warfarin
91
How does aspirin prevent clots
Anti prostaglandin
Anti platelet
Inhibits thromboxane A
92
How does heparin inhibit clots
Anticoagulant
Inhibits thrombin
Intravenous
93
How does warfarin inhibit clots
Inhibits factors 6,9, 10, 2
94
What is thrombocytopenia
When number if circulating platelets is low
| From suppression of bone marrie
95
What does thrombocytopenia cause
Many small hemorrhagic areas
| Petechiae
96
What are hemophilias
| What causes them
Deficiency of one clotting factor
| Like A8,B9,C11
97
What is most common hemophilia
Hemophilia A
| Lack of factor viii 8
98
What 2 types if bleeding disorders are there
Hemophilia
| Liver issues
99
What types of things cause liver related bleeding disorders
Vit k deficiency
Hep C
Cirrhosis
100
Why is liver needed for clotting factor production
Produces bile for digestion of fat
Fat needed for absorption of Vit K
Vit k needed to synth clotting factors
101
When are whole transfusions given
Substantial blood loss
| Thrombocytopenia
102
When are packed cells given
Anemia treatments
103
When is plasma or saline given
When low blood volume
104
What are some examples of plasma expenders
Purified human serum albumin
Plasminate
Dextran
105
What is another term for RBC antigens
Agglutinogens
106
What happens when RBC antigens and antibodies mix
Hemolytic reaction
107
What do transfusion reactions cause
Diminished oxygen carrying
Clumped cells
Ruptured RBC- release Hb into blood
Circulating Hb can cause renal failure
108
What are the 3 common Rh agglutinogens
C
D
E
109
When are anti Rh antibodies made
When Rh- person is exposed to Rh+
110
What happens in hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh+ sensitize Rh- mom
| Antibodies cross placenta and attack Rh+ baby
111
What drug is used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn
rhogam
| Prevents sensitization
