17 Century Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What are crown lands?
A
‘Ordinary revenue’
Leased out for rent but often on long leases that did not keep up with inflation
Income had also declined because of sales of land by Elizabeth
2
Q
What are wardships?
A
The kings right to act as a guardian to the children of tenants who died before the child was old enough to inherit
Profits were made from administering the estate and from profitable marriages and dowries
3
Q
What is purveyance?
A
The kings right to buy food and supplies for the court at reduced prices
4
Q
What are monopolies?
A
The kings right to grant exclusive rights to make and sell good of particular kinds
5
Q
What is tonnage and poundage?
A
Customs duties on wine and wool normally granted to the king for life by his first parliament
6
Q
What are forced loans?
A
Non parliaments ary taxed which English monarchs demanded from their richer subjects
7
Q
What are subsidies?
A
A direct tax granted by parliament
A tax on income for landowners, office holders and wage earners or movable property for merchants, craftsmen and tenant farmers
8
Q
What is ship money?
A
A tax levies in wartime from costal areas for building ships
9
Q
How was James irresponsible with his spending?
A
He gave lots of money to his ‘companions’ ( sir Robert Carr and George Villiers) because he overestimated his wealth
- when parliament granted James 3 subsidies to settle his debt he gave away £44,000 to 3 Scot friends
Excessive eating and drinking
Spent a lot of money on the royal family
10
Q
What were James’ sources of income at the beginning of his rule
A
Purveyance
Forced loans
Loans on credit
Wardships
Justice (fines, court fees)
Tonnage and poundage
Monopolies
Crown lands
Direct taxes- granted by government
11
Q
Why did people hate James at the beginning of his rule?
A
parliament- he was irresponsible with his money
courts- the king loved company of young men, degenerated into corruption and scandal
- complaints that James favoured his Scottish cronies
12
Q
The results of James’ financial weakness
A
- increased royal debt
- falling back into unpopular financial measures
- increasing dependency on parliament even through conflict
- public hate for king as they’re poor as a result of his stealing
- weak military capabilities
- crowns authority decreasing
13
Q
How did James inherit a ‘poisoned chalice’?
A
The consequences of Elizabeth’s bad decisions had been passed down to James when he became king for him to resolve. Most problems were economic.
14
Q
What was ‘the British problem’ that Elizabeth had passed down to James
A
James inherited a lethal cocktail of mutual national antagonism of England and Scotland
- different historical traditions
- religious diversity
- threatened to breed national suspicions and fears that could disrupt political stability
15
Q
What religious positives do James I inherit from Elizabeth?
A
Elizabeths ‘via media’ combined catholics and Protestants into the English church
This prevented England from being torn apart by a war of religion.
16
Q
How much debt did Elizabeth leave to James?
A
she left him £420,000
But she also left him £300,000 of uncollected subsidies but he never really managed to collect them so he was still left with the large sum of debt
17
Q
How did forced loans contribute to the ‘poisoned chalice’ Elizabeth left James
A
Elizabeth had abused forced loans so much that the nobility were on the brink of rebellion and left extremely poor and furious
James was left with very little and was therefore left with less income
18
Q
How did wardships contribute to the ‘poisoned chalice’ Elizabeth left James
A
Elizabeth took the money and set the children up with cheap houses which led to hatred of the monarch, he couldn’t abuse this as much as Elizabeth did
19
Q
How did crown lands contribute to the ‘poisoned chalice’ Elizabeth left James
A
These were a form of steady income however Elizabeth sold 50% to pay from the armada which meant that James has 50% less income
20
Q
How did collection of taxes contribute to the ‘poisoned chalice’ Elizabeth left James
A
Customs farming was very popular so there was lots of corruption as people collecting taxes needed payment and took what they wanted
The crown only got about 30% of taxes as most also refused to pay
21
Q
What was the great contract?
A
1610
The great contract was a contract that meant parliament would give James £200,000 a year so that he could settle his £600,000 debt in return for James giving up purveyance, wardships and forced loans.
22
Q
Why did the great contact not work from James’ side?
A
- It costed more than £200,000 for James to take care of his family
- he would have to give up purveyance, warships and forced loans which gave him over £200,000 a year
- Overall, James would’ve been earning more money if he had
23
Q
Why did the great contract not work from parliaments side?
A
- parliament didn’t trust James to spend the money
- Parliament didn’t want the king to be financially stable because then they wouldn’t be needed anymore
24
Q
What was the gunpowder plot?
A
1605
- 12 catholic plotters sought to blow up the house of parliament whilst it was in session with the king
- after being caught, all plotters were executed
- 2 high profile Jesuit priests were tried and executed
25
Who proposed the great contract?
Robert Cecil
Finance minister
26
Evidence of James’ extravagant spending
Ante suppers which costed £3200 per meal
Gave £44,000 to 3 Scot favourites after Parliament had given him subsidies
27
What was the millenary petition?
- petition signed by 1000 puritans
- concerned with the removal of: bowing at the name of Jesus, making the sign of the cross when baptising babies
- moderate requests for changes in certain practices within the Church of England
Was later talked about in the Hampton court conference
28
What was the main plot?
1603
- plan to replace James
- James then stopped collecting recusancy fines
- 1604 James banned all catholic priests from the country.
29
What was the Hampton court conference?
1604
- was called by James to discuss the millenary petition
- puritans started badly, suggested the presbyters should manage the church rather than bishops
- James tried to win over moderate puritans to separate them from radical puritans
30
What did the book of sports do?
1618
- it listed the sports and recreations that were permitted on Sundays and other holy days
- ordered all clergy to read it due to puritan opposition
31
What happened with the first Spanish match?
1614
- James tried to match Charles with Henrietta Maria
- this meant that sanctions against catholics would have to be relaxed as Spain was very catholic
- there was only discussion of toleration for catholics
- marriage fell through
32
What happened with the second Spanish match?
1622
- James revived talks with Spain
- parliament was unhappy because of their hatred of catholics
- talks failed again as parliament would never allow Charles to convert to Catholicism and Spanish realised that there was little in the match for them.
33
Why was the Oath of Allegiance put in place?
1606
- James put this in place under pressure from parliament
- this was not mandatory until 1610 when Henry IV of france was assassinated
- Catholics were forced to take this after the Gunpowder plot
- this then divided catholics against each other as some didn’t want to take the oath.
34
What was the 30 years war?
1618
- James I married his daughter to Fredrick V of the Palatinate in 1613
- Fredrick was offered the crown of Bohemia in 1619 because the council was tired of their current ruler
- fredrick accepted and installed himself and Elizabeth in Bohemia despite James’ pleas that he not do so
- James does not believe in kings being overthrown
35
Events of the trip to Madrid
1623
- Charles travelled to Spain in secret to claim lady’s hand in marriage
- Spanish found out and misinterpreted Charles motives and they thought he intended to become Roman Catholic
- the infanta Maria was unwilling
- Spain kept asking for more concessions to abolish laws that restricted them
36
What was the Mansfield expedition?
**1624–25**
* Charles and Buckingham persuaded James I to aid Protestant Frederick in the Palatinate.
* James refused to support Louis XIII in the Spanish Netherlands.
* In retaliation, France denied English troops passage.
* 10,000 soldiers died from starvation and disease.
* £60,000 in subsidies was wasted.
* Charles and Buckingham returned humiliated.
37
What was the Cadiz expedition?
**1625**
- Charles and Buckingham launched a failed attack on Cadiz to capture Spanish treasure ships.
- Poor planning by Buckingham led to disorganized troops; many got drunk due to lack of food and water.
- The mission, led by Sir Edward Cecil, cost £250,000 and ended in retreat.
- Charles blamed Parliament for underfunding, worsening their relationship.
- 5,000 out of 12,000 troops returned as they were drunk and shooting at eachother
38
What happened with Fredricks and Elizabeth’s match?
1613
- Parliament wanted protestant support so were pleased with James decision
- Fredrick V of the palatinate marries Elizabeth and becomes James’ son in law
39
How did james refusal to aid dutch rebels impact him and parliament?
1609
James refused to aid Dutch rebels
-divine right vs parliamentary privilege
- was good for James as it kept his relations with Spain but a failiure for parliament as they wanted protestant support
- James is clearly doing what he wants (divine right)
40
Who were James main favourites?
Sir Robert Carr
George villiers
Buckingham
41
What was the cockayne project?
* 1614: Plan to boost revenue through increased trade.
* 1615: Alderman Cockayne proposed exporting finished cloth instead of unfinished.
* Persuaded King James to replace the Merchant Adventurers with a new company: the King's Merchant Adventurers.
* James lent £10,000 to support the scheme.
* The plan failed due to poor funding, lack of expertise, and no trade contacts.
* 1618: Cloth trade collapsed, causing hardship for farmers and weavers.
42
Financial reforms in 1618-20
* 1618: Lord Treasurer fell as the Howards lost influence to Buckingham.
* Treasury put into commission with anti-Howard members.
* Savings made in navy, royal household, and wardrobe.
* Despite this, royal debt rose from £100,000 to £800,000 in one year.
* Lionel Cranfield saved £20,000 annually by insisting on cash payments for discounts.
43
What was James’ relationship with Addled parliament 1614 like?
- only lasted 8 weeks and no legislation passsed
- got off to a bad start because MPs thought the crown had been interfering with elections
- James needed money for his sons funeral and marriage of his daughter and parl was not sympathetic
-James could not get rid of parliament but as it voted no subsidies it was dissolved in June 1614
44
What caused difficulties in the 1621 and 1624 parliament in general?
- circumstances
- monopolies
- factions
- money
-palatinate
- royal marriage
-recusants
-parliamentary priviledges
45
Key sources of parliamentary conflict
- religion
- finances
- foreign policy
- royal perogative
46
When did James rule?
1603-1625
47
Who were the arminians?
· Arminians were protestants.
· They believed in the importance of adding the ceremony and flair back into church services.
· They were very supportive of bishops.
· They believed in the ‘beauty of holiness’
· They were closer to Catholics on the religious spectrum than most protestants.
48
What is canon law?
the law of the church
49
What was the divine right of kings?
the belief that the king was chosen by God and as such was the arbiter (decider) of religion speaking as he did for God in the country that he ruled.
50
What is pluralism?
the holding of more than one office in the Church. In practice this was often done due to a scarcity of ministers and it was more economical for the Crown but it did mean that the impact of ill-educated or less motivated clergy was felt more widely.
51
What was the bye plot?
1603
- plot by catholic priests and puritan preachers to kidnap James I on his way to London to claim his crown and force him to offer greater toleration to their faith
52
What were the terms of the legislation passed after the gunpowder plot?
- catholics were forbidden to be doctors or lawyers
- homes could be searched with little excuse
- could not travel without permission
53
Results of the Hampton court conference
- pluralism should be limited but no solution
- bishops have less power
- new translation of the bible was produced, official version published 1611
- thirty nine articles to be more fully explained
- radical puritan demands ignored
54
What are the thirty nine articles?
a document drawn up and accepted in Elizabeth’s reign which stated what the Church of England believed. It established Elizabeth’s via media (middle way) which was a protestant church with some catholic elements (eg. vestments)
55
How did foreign policy cause conflict between Parliament and James?
- James married his daughter to a Protestant
- Spanish match (parliament disagreed)
- cockayne project (war broke out in Europe)
56
How did royal perogative cause conflict between parliament and James?
- James made it clear that foreign policy was up to him, parliament was upset
- James ripped out the protestation and dissolved the 1621 parliament
- parliament was supposed to pick out Charles wife but they ignored him ,making use of divine right
57
How did finances cause conflict between James and Parliament?
- james needed 1 mill for an army but parliament only gave him £140,000
- parliament gave James a subsidy and he spend £44,000 on 3 Scot friends in 1606
58
How did religion cause conflict between parliament and James?
- Spanish match meant toleration for catholics (parliament was not willing)
- montages pamphlet (parliament was furious)
- gunpowder plot- legislation against catholics (parliament success because they disliked catholics)
59
How did favourites cause conflict between parliament and James?
- 1618-28 villers was chief minister + the most influential man in England
- Buckingham had lots of control from the crown which created hatred amount country gentry
- he increased the sale of titles of honour until it became a scandal
- he was responsible for FP and later pushed for war
60
What is a Presbyterian?
A Scottish Calvinist. The Scottish Presbyterian Church sought to govern the country through the monarch.
61
What is a Jesuit?
- an international order of Catholic priests.
- They operated in secret in protestant countries like England in order to keep the Catholic faith alive there.
62
What is a Calvinist?
- a branch of Protestantsism
- opposite of this is Arminianism
63
What is an Anglican?
Anglicanism, one of the major branches of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and a form of Christianity that includes features of both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism.
64
What is a puritan?
The Puritans were Radical Protestants who sought to rid the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant.
65
What is a protestant?
Christian religious movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction to medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices.
66
What are Bancrofts canons?
1604
Stated that all clergy had to subscribe to all the 39 Articles and to everything that was in the Prayer Book
If they did not conform then they would be expelled from their positions
67
What was the montague controversy?
1624
* Montagu attacked Calvinism through a pamphlet, supported Catholic elements in the Church.
* Called Puritanism dangerous.
* Parliament outraged, accused him of Arminianism.
* Refused to back down, published Appello Caesarum.
* James I backed him: “If this be popery, I am a papist.”
68
What happened with the King James Bible?
1611
- James gathered 50 scholars including an Arminian and reviewed their work before authorising it
- supported Anglicanism as it aligned with the 39 articles
- against Puritanism and Catholicism
- reinforces James’ authority over the popes
69
What was the julich cleves dispute?
1609
- Catholic Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg dies with no heir.
- Succession crisis between Protestant and Catholic claimants.
- James acted as a neutral mediator to prevent European war.
- Pushed for diplomacy rather than military involvement.
- Protestants were disappointed by lack of support
70
What was the declaration against preachers?
1622
- forbade any discussion of matters of state in sermons
- a shot across the bow to puritans who were openly critical of his Spanish orientated policies
71
Why was james averting war with Sweden and Denmark significant?
1613
- James settled a war between two major protestant powers during his pro-Protestant phase of 1613
72
How had Buckingham caused problems during charles rule??
- Charles dissolved 1626 parliament to prevent impeachment of Buckingham
- failure at La Rochelle
73
Impeachment of cranfield
1624
-lord treasure Canfield was convicted of corruption
74
Appointment of abbot as archbishop
1610
- he supportedd Anglicanism
- which strengthened kings support with anglicans
75
How did money cause difficulties in the 1621 parliament?
- James made is clear that £1 mill would be needed to send an army to Europe
- commons voted 2 subsidies £140,000 for general purposes
76
How did the royal marriage cause difficulties in the 1621 parliament?
- the commons wanted to see Charles married to one of ‘our religion’
- discussing personal affairs of the monarch as a breach of perogative
77
How did parliamentary privileges cause difficulties in the 1621 parliament?
- James told mps not to meddle in matters of state by letter
- MPs claimed their privildges were an ancient and undoubted right and inheritance
- James told them that their privileges came from his ancestors
- House of Commons responded with a protestation which only 1/3 members signed
- James ripped the protestation from the journals and dissolved parliament
78
How did money cause difficulties in the 1624 parliament?
- James made it clear that if there was foreign policy parliament would have to pay for it
- parliament would not grant £780k (over 6 subsidies), they instead granted 3 subsidies to be spent
- spending was done under parliamentary supervision as they didn’t trust him to pay his debts or give money to favourites
79
How did the royal marriage cause difficulties in the 1624 parliament?
- Charles promised he would make no concession to Roman Catholics is he married a paptist princess
- after parliament dissolved he married Henrietta Maria
- restrictions on catholic worship would be lifted
- broke parliaments trust
80
How did parliamentary privileges cause difficulties in the 1624 parliament?
- James seemed unhappy asking parl whether he should break off talks with Spain
-James made it clear that detailed foreign policy decisions were still up to him so parliament had to leave it.
81
What was the result of Charles marrying Henrietta Maria?
1625
- laws were dropped about persecuting catholics
- french hint at support with spain
82
Reasons for relations with france deteriorating
1625-26
- Henrietta and Charles irritated each other
- treatment of english catholics
- Buckingham flirted with French queen
- trade war between England and france
- Buckinghamshire desire to avenge political defeat by the new French first minister
83
What happened at La Rochelle?
1627
- Buckingham went to La Rochelle to invade
- he ordered ladders 5ft too short to scale the walls
-people lost respect for Buckingham
- 2 more failed attempts were made
84
What were the results of Buckinghams assassination?
- MPs could no longer blame Buckingham for failures and instead blamed Charles for refusing to support the protestant cause
85
Foreign policy during Charles reign
- **1625**- Charles marries Henrietta Maria
-**1625** Anglo Dutch attack on Cadiz
-**1625-26** relations with france deteriorating
-**1627** Buckingham leads force to La Rochelle
86
How did foreign policy cause conflict between Charles and parliament?
- two military failures (Mansfield, Cadiz)
- parliament blamed Buckingham and expected king to remove him
- subsidies that Parliament had given for a war against Spain was used on something else
87
How did finance cause conflict between Charles and parliament?
- chales collected money meant for the people before parliament approved it and after the first year had run out
- parliament agreed to vote a new taxation for only one year
88
How did royal marriage cause conflict between Charles and parliament?
- Charles married Henrietta Maria (catholic)
- she brought her priests to Whitehall
- parliament saw this as a threat
89
How did divine right cause conflict between Charles and parliament?
Charles saw parliaments willingness to trust or not trust his judgement a test of his loyalty
90
How did royal interference in the choice of MPs cause conflict between Charles and parliament?
- Buckingham and king tried to remove a main opposition leaders from commons by selecting them to be sheriffs
- MPs were removed in this way as sheriffs had to stay in their counties away from London
91
What was the five knights case
1627
- five knights refused to pay forced loans so they were places in prison
- judgement upheld Charles’ perogative to imprisonwithout Charles
92
What happened with the 1626 parliament?
* Non-Buckingham supporters were removed and arrested.
* Charles angered Parliament by having anti-Calvinist William Laud preach on obedience to the king.
* He attempted to appease critics by proposing war against France.
* Charles blamed Parliament for foreign policy failures due to their refusal to fund campaigns.
* MPs resisted high spending, favoring cheaper naval action over restoring the Palatinate.
* Despite Charles’s policy shift, MPs began impeachment proceedings against Buckingham.
93
What happened with the 1625 parliament?
* Charles got only £140,000 and one year of tonnage and poundage, not the £1 million he needed.
* He saw this as an attack on his authority and kept collecting the tax illegally.
* Buckingham’s influence created further tension.
* Parliament opposed Charles’s support for anti-Calvinist Richard Montagu.
* Charles worsened the issue by making Montagu royal chaplain.
* He also ignored advice from key local supporters.
94
What happened with forced loans under Charles?
* With no parliamentary funds, Charles relied on forced loans to fund wars with Spain and France.
* Most paid, as refusal was seen as opposing the king.
* Judges were pressured to support the loans; one chief judge was dismissed for resisting.
* Archbishop Abbott was suspended for refusing to license a pro-loan Arminian sermon.
* Only 76 people were imprisoned for non-payment.
* Just 70% of the expected £267,000 was collected.
95
What was the york house conference 1626?
1626
- February, Charles chaired a theological debate at his London home which focused on Montagus writing as at the request of the Earl of Warwick
- For Warwick, this was to persuade Charles away from the anti-Calvinism of Arminians
- Buckingham supported William Laud an anti-calvinist
96
What was the petition of right?
1628
- Declaration of established rights that reflected the MPs fears
- There would be no forced loans, no tax w/ parliamentary consent, imprisonment w/o trial and martial law against civillians
- Put together by Sir Edward Coke (lawyer)
- Charles consented to this so that parliament would grant him five subsidies
97
What happened with Buckinghams assassination?
1628
- While Parliament was on a break and anticipating its second session
- By John Felton
- The news was accompanied by public rejoicing
98
What happened with Charles final parliament?
Jan 1629- March 1629
House of Commons attacked the influence of growing Arminianism that Puritans saw as crypto-Catholic
- Criticisms seen as an attack on Charles' authority
99
What was the tonnage and poundage situation with Charles?
1625
- Charles continued to collect customs duties by the royal perogative despite what parliament had to say.
