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211: Cell Biology > 17. Introduction to Development > Flashcards

17. Introduction to Development Flashcards

1
Q

define differentiation

A

the process where cells specialise to perform a specific function

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2
Q

define morphogenesis

A

the process of how cells grow and develop 3-dimensionally

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3
Q

what are nematodes frequently used to study

A

neural development

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4
Q

why are nematodes good to study in development

A

they are transparent - which allows the tracking of individual cells

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5
Q

why are fruit flies good organisms to study development

A

rapid development

easy to generate mutants

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6
Q

what is the benefit of studying zebrafish over mice

A

they are cheaper to maintain than mice

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7
Q

why are Xenopus oocytes good to study

A

very large - good to generate cell extracts from

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8
Q

what is the benefits of studying mice

A

genome very similar to humans

we have good knowledge of mice genes

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9
Q

what are the benefits of studying chick embryos

A

similar to mammalian systems

tissues can be easily labelled, transplanted and cultured.

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10
Q

what is cleavage

A

cell division in the early embryo

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11
Q

what is gastrulation

A

cell movements which produce gut and three primary germ layers

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12
Q

describe cleavages 1 and 2

A

equal holoblastic

nuclei is displaced

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13
Q

describe cleavages 3

A

perpendicular but unequal holoblastic

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14
Q

what are the three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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15
Q

what is the ectoderm

A

the outside of the embryo

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16
Q

what is the mesoderm

A

the middle lining between ectoderm and endoderm

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17
Q

what is the endoderm

A

the very inside of the embryo

18
Q

what does the ectoderm go on to form

A

skin

nervous system

19
Q

what does the endoderm go on to form

A

gut
liver
lungs

20
Q

what does the mesoderm go on to form

A

the skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart

21
Q

briefly describe the process of gastrulation in amphibians

A
  1. population of cells evaginate to form the blastopore
  2. population of cells above the blastopore migrate and extend across the embryo , pulling vegetal cells to form the archenteron
  3. archenteron fuses with the opposite side of the embryo
  4. 3 germ layers are formed
  5. evagination begins: blastocoel shrinks, animal pole cells undergo epiboly
22
Q

what is the process of epiboly

A

where cells expand to completely cover the surface of the developing embryo & form the ventral lip

23
Q

what is induction

A

where cell fates are determined via signals from other cells

24
Q

what cells undergo epiboly

A

animal pole cells

25
Q

define the term morphogen

A

a signalling molecule that acts directly on cells to induce a specific cellular response depending on its concentration

26
Q

give an example of induction

A

vertebrate eye:

  • eye begins as diverticula (pouches)
  • pouches pinch off and form the optic cup
  • induce overlying ectoderm to evaginate inwards - this forms a ball of tissue that forms the retina
  • overlying ectoderm left over develops the cornea
27
Q

name 2 ways how induction can occur

A

direct cell- cell contact

signalling molecules diffusing to distanced cells

28
Q

how do we know the optic cup is inductive

A

when transferred to another location on the body - the optic cup induces overlying ectoderm to form the retina

= forming an ectopic eye

29
Q

what is the apical ectodermal ridge responsible for

A

required for limb outgrowth

secretes FGF

30
Q

what does the apical ectodermal ridge secrete

A

fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

31
Q

what does the ZPA stand for, and what does it do

A

zone of polarising activity

controls anterior- posterior digit formation via induction

32
Q

describe chick ZPA studies

A

transplant ZPA from posterior to anterior of a limb bud and allow it to develop

observed fusion of digit 1
= mirror image structure formed

33
Q

what two tissues does kidney development begin

A 
epithelium = uteric bud
mesenchyme = metanephric blastema
34
Q

which tissue induces bud branching in developing kidneys

A

mesenchyme (metanephric blastema)

35
Q

what gene is involved in kidney development

A

RET gene

36
Q

describe mice kidney development studies

A

removal of RET gene results in complete kidney growth

37
Q

what 2 things can kidney growth not occur without

A

RET and GDNF

38
Q

what secretes GDNF

A

the mesenchyme

39
Q

who first described the concept of a morphogen

A

lewis Wolpert

40
Q

cell fate is determined by the ………….. of the morphogen

A

concentration

41
Q

more notes on morphogen

using textbook

A

yeh

211: Cell Biology (20 decks)

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