17α The Passive Voice: -θη- 1st Aorist Passive and -θη- 1st Future Passive

Question 1

The Passive Voice: -θη- 1st Aorist Passive

To form the aorist passive, most verbs add -θη-/-θε- to the verb stem, with the 3rd person singular ending in -θη

Answer 1

-θη- 1st aorist passive forms of λύω:

ἡ ναῦς λυθεῖσα ὑπὸ τῶν ναυτῶν ἔπλει διὰ τὰ κύματα.
The ship, having been cast off (loosened) by the sailors, was sailing through the waves.

Question 2

The 1st aorist passive participle is based on the -θε- stem as follows:

Answer 2

Question 3

The Passive Voice: -θη- 1st Future Passive

To form the -θη- 1st future passive, add -θη- to the verb stem and then add the same letters as for the future middle. Here is an example:

εὐθὺς γὰρ λυθήσεται ἡ ναῦς.
For the ship will be cast off (loosened) at once.

Answer 3

Question 4

Stems ending in β, π, γ, and κ aspirate the last consonant in forming the -θη- 1st aorist passive and the -θη- 1st future passive

Answer 4

Question 5

Stems ending in δ, θ, and τ (dentals) and ζ change the last consonant to σ

Answer 5

Question 6

A number of verbs insert σ after the verb stem

Answer 6

Question 7

Contract verbs lengthen the stem vowel

Answer 7

Note: βάλλω [βλη-] > ἐβλήθην; ἐλαύνω [ἐλα-] > ἠλάθην; εὑρίσκω [εὑρε-] > εὑρέθην or ηὑρέθην; and ὁράω [ὀπ-] > ὤφθην.