1700-1900 Flashcards
(30 cards)
How did the Industrial revolution impact migration?
increased urbanisation:
number of people living in towns grew from under 5 million in 1700 to approximately 32.5 million in 1900 due to job availability- industrialisation
How did increased transport links impact migration?
-due to the invention of locomotion and the improvement of railways, roads and canals, trade links grew as transporting goods became easier. The development of these international links( new docks in Liverpool, Glasgow, Hull and Bristol) increased migration as England became more economically appealing.
How did urbanisation influence migration?
-wider representation in Parliament due to growing town and cities: middle class and by the end of the century working class men were given the vote
-Laws passed by Parliament demonstrated a gradual change in attitude: the Transatlantic Slave Trade was abolished in England in 1807
Why did the Irish migrate to England?
-in the 1840s and 50s, Ireland was hit by the Potato Famine- potatoes were a staple food source for Irish peasants: tens of thousands migrated to England and Scotland
-Liverpool and Glasgow were the nearest ports to Belfast and Dublin so many settled there- cheap fare
-many of who stayed couldn’t afford the fare to travel to America or Australia
-couldn’t afford rising rents
-religious constraints: Ireland was under British rule- Catholics denied land ownership; a crucial aspect of their survival
- Catholic Emancipation Act (1829)
Why did people from the British Empire migrate to England?
Indian:
-until 1858, India had been controlled by the East India Trading Company-
thousands of Indian people decided to migrate for:
education- many affluent families sent children to attend British universities
ayahs/ servants: after 1858, more British people moved to India; they took their servants back with them- status symbol
lascars: worked in poor conditions on the East India Company’s trading ships so many settled in ports
Why did the Chinese (British Empire) migrants move to England?
-East India Trading Company set up trading posts in China to trade luxury items such as tea and silk
-Hong Kong became part of Empire from 1841-1997 so trade links strengthened
-established a community where they could embrace culture- Chinatown
Why did Italians migrate to England?
-Italy officially became a country in 1861- many different regions began to fight each other for power
-many Italians wanted to escape this turmoil
-agriculture in Britain was prosperous compared to that in Italy
-outbreaks of typhus and cholera
in 1861, how many Italian migrants lived in Britain?
5000
How did this change by 1901?
There were 20,000
Why did the Germans migrate?
- freedom of speech: in Germany political thinkers couldn’t express their ideas + people were arrested for voicing their opinions
-Britain’s wealthy economy from Industrial Revolution attracted many highly skilled German workers
-Germany was unified: became a country after 1871- fighting between regions for power
Why did the Jewish migrate?
-many were fleeing religious and racial persecution in Russia- they were Ashkenazi Jews
-pre-established Jewish communities: they only spoke Yiddish
What was the experience of the Irish?
-navvies: dug canals and constructed railways- many were killed whilst at work and their families experienced great poverty
-faced prejudice: Catholics living in a Protestant country
-worked for lower wages: seen as stealing jobs
-some linked Irish with terrorism- Fenians were an Irish Catholic terrorist group who tried to overthrow the British government; idea reinforced by harsh areas they were forced to live in due to lack of money
-blamed for the outbreaks of Typhus
- Catholic Relief Act- allowed to access universities, own land, join army and practice religion
What were the experiences of the European migrants?
-some German engineers and scientists set up companies which became highly successful e.g the Brunner-Mond company in Liverpool
-small businesses- shops and restaurants
-introduced aspects of their culture in design, sculpting and food
-well regarded for contribution to economy
What were the experiences of Jewish migrants?
- found support in pre-established communities
-many worked in sweat shops (illegal which rose tensions) which were run by Jews: they would mainly employ Jews as they all spoke Yiddish
-they worked hard, long hours for low pay which was resented by the public who thought they were stealing work- especially unions who were trying to regulate working hours
-pre-established Jewish communities didn’t want to get involved with the Ashkenazi Jews as they thought they would ruin their reputation: they were poor and relied on support from others
What were the experiences of Asian migrants?
-many Ayahs found work with other English families after their children had grown up
- some Ayahs were abandoned by their employers and were rendered destitute
-Christian charity set up a hostel for them and either raised money for their passage back to India or helped them find work
When did the Suez Canal open and how did it influence Asian migration?
The Suez Canal opened in 1869. Made journey between England and India quicker thereby increasing opportunities for Asian people to migrate to Britain
How did the media influence social attitudes towards migrants?
-newspapers publicised the judgement of Lord Justice Mansfield (1772) when he said slavery didn’t legally exist in England- ensured the freedom of African people in the country
-Paul Reuter, a German migrant, started the London-based Reuters News Agency in 1851: sold international news to British newspapers making the public feel part of a wider world- knowledge of wars etc
- newspapers published plight of Mary Seacole, Jamaican nurse left destitute after saving soldiers in Crimean War- fund-raising gala held in 1858
How did migrants impact politics and Parliament?
-black Africans, some of which had been enslaved like Olaudah Equiano, helped persuade the public and MPs that the slave trade should be abolished: in 1807, Parliament voted to abolish the transatlantic slave trade and in 1833 to abolish slavery in the British Empire
-ideas of German migrants ( Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ) had a significant impact on the way people believed society should be organised
-some migrants became involved with Chartism- national movement- which wanted working class representation in Parliament e.g Feargus O’Connor an Irish Protestant edited the Northern Star- supported Chartism
How did migrants impact trade and industry?
-Irish navvies increased transport links which in turn benefitted trade- by the 1880s, a rail network linked all the major cities, towns and ports
-in 1884, Michael Marks, Polish Jew, owned a stall in Leeds market- by 1900, Marks and Spencer had shops in Britain’s major towns
-Ashkenazi Jews worked in clothing trade
How did migrants impact the urban environment?
-railways went into town and city centres
-synagogues were built so Jews could worship and by 1900, a small number of Mosques were built so that Muslims could practice their faith
How did migrants influence culture?
-200,000 pounds of tea was imported between the years 1700- 1704
-Asian migrants brought their own culinary traditions: use of wide range of herbs
-the music of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, the son of a black African and husband to his English wife, helped break down racial prejudice
How did Liverpool’s port grow?
-Liverpool’s port faced the Atlantic Ocean and so Liverpool merchants traded mainly with America, importing raw material and exporting finished goods
-raw cotton was Liverpool’s main export- needed to meet demands of growing number of spinning and weaving mills in nearby Manchester- 80% of Britain’s cotton imports came from USA, mostly through port of Liverpool
-steamships replaced sailing ships-faster, could carry more cargo and required less skill to sail
In 1845, how many tonnes of goods did Liverpool’s docks handle?
2.5 million- it was the second most profitable port in the world
What did the Irish community do in Liverpool, what was their impact?
-Irish navvies built the docks and thousands of migrants worked on them as dockers and warehousemen
